Abstract
In mammals, protein kinase CK2 has two isozymic forms of its catalytic subunit, designated CK2αgr; and CK2α′. CK2α and CK2α′ exhibit extensive similarity within their catalytic domains but have completely unrelated C-terminal sequences. To systematically examine the cellular functions of each CK2 isoform in mammalian cells, we have generated human osteosarcoma U2-OS cell lines with the expression of active or inactive versions of each CK2 isoform under the control of an inducible promoter [22]. Examination of these cell lines provides evidence for functional specialization of CK2 isoforms at the cellular level in mammals with indications that CK2α′ is involved in the control of proliferation and/or cell survival. To understand the molecular basis for functional differences between CK2α and CK2α′, we have undertaken studies to identify proteins that interact specifically with each isoform of CK2 and could contribute to the regulation of their independent functions. A novel pleckstrin-homology domain containing protein, designated CK2-interacting protein 1 (i.e. CKIP-1) was isolated using the yeast two hybrid system as a protein that interacts with CK2α but not CK2α′ [23]. When expressed in cells as a fusion with green fluorescent protein, CKIP-1 localizes to the cell membrane and to the nucleus. In this study, we present evidence from deletion analysis of CKIP-1 suggesting that a C-terminal region containing a putative leucine zipper has a role in regulating its nuclear localization. Collectively, our data supports a model whereby CKIP-1 is a non-enzymatic regulator of CK2α that regulates the cellular functions of CK2α by targeting or anchoring CK2α to specific cellular localization or by functioning as an adapter to integrate CK2α-mediated signaling events with components of other signal transduction pathways.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allende JE, Allende CC: Protein kinase CK2: An enzyme with multiple substrates and a puzzling regulation. FASEB J 9: 313–323, 1995
Pinna L, Meggio F: Protein kinase CK2 ('casein kinase-2') and its implication in cell division and proliferation. Prog Cell Cycle Res 3: 77–97, 1997
Glover CV: On the physiological role of casein kinase II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 59: 95–133, 1998
Guerra B, Issinger O-G: Protein kinase CK2 and its role in cellular proliferation, development and pathology. Electrophoresis 20: 391–408, 1999
Tawfic S, Faust RA, Gapany M, Ahmed K: Nuclear matrix as an anchor for protein kinase CK2 nuclear signalling. J Cell Biochem 62:165–171, 1996
Litchfield DW., Lüscher B: Casein kinase II in signal transduction and cell cycle regulation. Mol Cell Biochem 127-128: 187–200, 1993
Litchfield DW, Lozeman FJ, Piening C, Sommercorn J, Takio K, Walsh KA, Krebs EG: Subunit structure of casein kinase II from bovine testis: Demonstration that the α and α′ subunits are distinct polypeptides. J Biol Chem 265: 7638–7644, 1990
Lozeman FJ, Litchfield DW, Piening C, Takio K, Walsh KA, Krebs EG: Isolation and characterization of human cDNA clones encoding the α and α′ subunits of casein kinase II. Biochemistry 29: 8436–8447, 1990
Yang-Feng TL, Naiman T, Kopatz I, Eli D, Dafni N, Canaani D: Assignment of the human casein kinase II alpha′ gene (CSNK2A1) to chromosome 16p13.2-p12.3. Genomics 19: 173, 1994
Wirkner U, Voss H, Lichter P, Ansorge W, Pyerin W: The human gene (CSNK2A1) coding for the casein kinase II subunit alpha is located on chromosome 20 and contains tandemly arranged Alu repeats. Genomics 19: 257–265, 1994
Bodenbach L, Fauss J, Robitzki A, Krehan A, Lorenz P, Lozeman FJ, Pyerin W: Recombinant casein kinase II. Eur J Biochem 220: 263–273, 1994
Xu X, Toselli PA, Russell LD, Seldin DC: Globozoospermia in mice lacking the casein kinase II alpha′ catalytic subunit. Nat Genet 23: 118–121, 1999
Maridor G, Park W, Krek W, Nigg EA: Casein kinase II. cDNA sequences, developmental expression and tissue distribution of mRNAs for alpha, alpha′ and beta subunits of the chicken enzyme. J Biol Chem 266: 2362–2368, 1991
Hanna DE, Rethinaswamy A, Glover CVC: Casein kinase II is required for cell cycle progression during G1 and G2/M in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 270: 25905–25914, 1995
Rethinaswamy A, Birnbaum MJ, Glover CV:Temperature-sensitive mutations of the CKA1 gene reveal a role for casein kinase II in maintenance of cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 273: 5869–5877, 1998
Yu IJ, Spector DL, Bae YS, Marshak DR: Immunocytochemical localization of casein kinase II during interphase and mitosis. J Cell Biol 114: 1217–1232, 1991
Litchfield DW, Lüscher B, Lozeman FJ, Eisenman RN, Krebs EG: Phosphorylation of casein kinase II by p34cdc2 in vitro and at mitosis. J Biol Chem 267: 13943–13951, 1992
Litchfield DW, Bosc DG, Slominski E: The protein kinase from mitotic human cells that phosphorylates Ser209 on the casein kinase II β subunit is p34cdc2. Biochim Biophys Acta 1269: 69–78, 1995
Bosc DG, Slominski E, Sichler C, Litchfield DW: Phosphorylation of casein kinase II by p34cdc2: Identification of phosphorylation sites using phosphorylation site mutants in vitro. J Biol Chem 270: 25872–25878, 1995
Bosc DG, Luscher B, Litchfield DW: Expression and regulation of protein kinase CK2 during the cell cycle. Mol Cell Biochem 191: 213–222, 1999
Heriche JK, Lebrin F, Rabilloud T, Leroy D, Chambaz EM, Goldberg Y: Regulation of protein phosphatase 2A by direct interaction with casein kinase 2alpha. Science 276: 952–955, 1997
Vilk G, Saulnier RB, St Pierre R, Litchfield DW: Inducible expression of protein kinase CK2 in mammalian cells: Evidence for functional specialization of CK2 isoforms. J Biol Chem 274: 14406–14414, 1999
Bosc DG, Graham KC, Saulnier RB, Zhang C, Prober D, Gietz RD, Litchfield DW: Identification and characterization of CKIP-1, a novel pleckstrin homology domain containing protein that interacts with protein kinase CK2. J Biol Chem 275: 14296–14306, 2000
Litchfield DW, Dobrowolska G, Krebs EG: Regulation of casein kinase II by growth factors: A re-evaluation. Cell Mol Biol Res 40: 373–381, 1994
Penner CG, Wang Z, Litchfield DW: Expression and localization of epitope-tagged protein kinase CK2. J Cell Biochem 64: 525–537, 1997
Heller-Harrison RA, Czech MP: Enhanced casein kinase II activity in COS-1 cells upon overexpression of either its catalytic or noncatalytic subunit. J Biol Chem 266: 14435–14439, 1991
Shen M, Stukenberg PT, Kirschner MW, Lu KP: The essential mitotic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin 1 binds and regulates mitosis-specific phosphoproteins. Genes Dev 12: 706–720, 1998
Yaffe MB, Schutkowski M, Shen M, Zhou XZ, Stukenberg PT, Rahfeld JU, Xu J, Kuang J, Kirschner MW, Fischer G, Cantley LC, Lu KP: Sequence-specific and phosphorylation-dependent proline isomerization: A potential mitotic regulatory mechanism. Science 278: 1957–1960, 1997
Messenger M, Gilchrist A, Saulnier RB, Gorbsky GJ, Litchfield DW: The peptide-prolyl isomerase Pin-1 interacts with protein kinase CK2 in a phosphorylation dependent manner (submitted for publication)
Lemmon MA, Falasca M, Ferguson KM, Schlessinger J: Regulatory recruitment of signalling molecules to the cell membrane by pleckstrin-homology domains. Trends Cell Biol 7: 237–242, 1997
Falasca M, Logan SK, Lehto VP, Baccante G, Lemmon MA, Schlessinger J: Activation of phospholipase Cgamma by PI 3-kinase-induced PH domain-mediated membrane targeting. EMBO J 17: 414–422, 1998
Lorenz P, Pepperkok R, Ansorge W, Pyerin W: Cell biological studies with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against human casein kinase II subunit beta demonstrate participation of the kinase in mitogenic signaling. J Biol Chem 268: 2733–2739, 1993
Pepperkok R, Lorenz P, Ansorge W, Pyerin W: Casein kinase II is required for transition of G0/G1, early G1, and G1/S phases of the cell cycle. J Biol Chem 269: 6986, 1994
Gerber DA, Souquere-Besse S, Puvion F, Dubois MF, Bensaude O, Cochet C: Heat-induced relocalization of protein kinase CK2. Implication of CK2 in the context of cellular stress. J Biol Chem 275: 23919–23926, 2000
Sayed M, Kim SO, Salh BS, Issinger OG, Pelech SL: Stress-induced activation of protein kinase CK2 by direct interaction with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 275: 16569–16573, 2000
Keller DM, Zeng X, Wang Y, Zhang QH, Kapoor M, Shu H, Goodman R, Lozano G, Zhao Y, Lu H: A DNA damage-induced p53 serine 392 kinase complex contains CK2, hSpt16, and SSRP1. Mol Cell 7: 283–292, 2001
Pawson T, Scott JD: Signalling through scaffold, anchoring and adaptor proteins. Science 278: 2075–2080, 1997
Colledge M, Scott JD: AKAPs: From structure to function. Trends Cell Biol 9: 216–221, 1999
Sarrouilhe D, Filhol O, Leroy D, Bonello G, Baudry M, Chambaz E, Cochet C: The tight association of protein kinase CK2 with plasma membrane is mediated by a specific domain of its regulatory β-subunit. Biochim Biophys Acta 1403: 199–210, 1998
Wong HN, Ward MA, Bell AW, Chevet E, Bains S, Blackstock WP, Solari R, Thomas DY, Bergeron JJ: Conserved in vivo phosphorylation of calnexin at casein kinase II sites as well as a protein kinase C/ proline-directed kinase site. J Biol Chem 273: 17227–17235, 1998
Mauxion F, Le Borgne R, Munier-Lehmann H, Hoflack B: A casein kinase II phosphorylation site in the cytoplasmic domain of the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor determines the high affinity interaction of the AP-1 Golgi assembly proteins with membranes. J Biol Chem 271: 2171–2178, 1996
Molloy SS, Thomas L, Kamibayashi C, Mumby MC, Thomas G: Regulation of endosome sorting by a specific PP2A isoform. J Cell Biol 142: 1399–1411, 1998
Tawfic S, Davis AT, Faust RA, Gapany M, Ahmed K: Association of protein kinase CK2 with nuclear matrix: Influence of method of preparation of nuclear matrix. J Cell Biochem 64: 499–504, 1997
Krek W, Maridor G, Nigg EA: Casein kinase II is a predominantly nuclear enzyme. J Cell Biol 116: 43–55, 1992
Filhol O, Cochet C, Chambaz EM: Cytoplasmic and nuclear distribution of casein kinase II: Characterization of the enzyme uptake by bovine adrenocortical nuclear preparation. Biochemistry 29: 9928–9936, 1990
Filhol O, Baudier J, Delphin C, Loue-Mackenbach P, Chambaz E, Cochet C: Casein kinase II and the tumor supressor protein p53 associate in a molecular complex that is negatively regulated upon p53 phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 267: 20577–20583, 1992
Appel K, Wagner P, Boldyreff B, Issinger O-G, Montenarh M: Mapping of the interaction sites of the growth suppressor protein p53 with the regulatory Beta-subunit of protein kinase CK2. Oncogene 11: 1971–1978, 1995
O'Brien KA, Lemke SJ, Cocke KS, Rao RN, Beckmann RP: Casein kinase 2 binds to and phosphorylates BRCA1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 260: 658–664, 1999
Li D, Dobrowolska G, Krebs EG: The physical association of casein kinase 2 with nucleolin. J Biol Chem 271: 15662–15668, 1996
Li D, Meier T, Dobrowolska G, Krebs EG: Specific interaction between casein kinase 2 and the nucleolar protein Nopp140. J Biol Chem 272: 3773–3779, 1997
Willert K, Brink M, Wodarz A, Varmus H, Nusse R: Casein kinase 2 associates with and phosphorylates dishevelled. EMBO J 16: 3089–3096, 1997
Song DH, Sussman DJ, Seldin DC: Endogenous protein kinase CK2 participates in Wnt signaling in mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 275: 23790–23797, 2000
Boldyreff B, Issinger O-G: A-Raf kinase is a new interacting partner of protein kinase CK2 beta subunit. FEBS Lett 403: 197–199, 1997
Hageman C, Kalmes A, Wixler V, Wixler L, Schuster T, Rapp UR: The regulatory subunit of protein kinase CK2 is a specific A-Raf activator. FEBS Lett 403: 200–202, 1997
Chen M, Li D, Krebs EG, Cooper J: The casein kinase II β subunit binds to Mos and inhibits Mos activity. Mol Cell Biol 17: 1904–1912, 1997
Raman C, Kuo A, Deshane J, Litchfield DW, Kimberly RP: Regulation of casein kinase 2 by direct interaction with cell surface receptor CD5. J Biol Chem 273: 19183–19189, 1998
Miyata Y, Yahara I: Interaction between casein kinase II and the 90-kDa stress protein, HSP90. Biochemistry 34: 8123–8129, 1995
Kimura Y, Rutherford SL, Miyata Y, Yahara I, Freeman BC, Yue L, Morimoto RI, Lindquist S: Cdc37 is a molecular chaperone with specific functions in signal transduction. Genes Dev 11: 1775–1785, 1997
Shi X, Potvin B, Huang T, Hilgard P, Spray DC, Suadicani SO, Wolkoff AW, Stanley P, Stockert RJ: A novel casein kinase 2 alpha-subunit regulates membrane protein traffic in the human hepatoma cell line HuH-7. J Biol Chem 276: 2075–2082, 2001
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Litchfield, D.W., Bosc, D.G., Canton, D.A. et al. Functional specialization of CK2 isoforms and characterization of isoform-specific binding partners. Mol Cell Biochem 227, 21–29 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013188101465
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013188101465