Abstract
Over the last decade state prisons have experienced unprecedented growth and many demographic changes. At the same time, courts are requiring states to provide mental health screening and treatment to prisoners. Findings from recent studies indicate that the prevalence of mental illness is higher in prisons than in the community, and comorbidity is common. Our ability to generalize from these studies is limited, however, because of major shifts in the demographic mix in prisons during the past decade. New studies on the prevalence of mental illness in prisons, which consider these recent changes would help planners allocate funds and staff to more effectively meet the needs of these individuals.
This is a preview of subscription content,
to check access.Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Adler, F., Mueller, G.O.W., & Laufer, W.S. (1991). Criminology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Bean, G.J., Jr., Meirson, J., & Pinta, E. (1988, June). The prevalence of mental illness among inmates in the Ohio prison system (Final report to the Department of Mental Health and the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction Interdepartmental Planning and Oversight Committee for Psychiatric Services to Corrections). Columbus: Ohio State University.
Beck, A.J. (2000). Prisoners in 1999. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Benedict, H.B., Harris, A.E., Markow, T., McCormick, J.A., Nuechterlein, K.H., & Asarnow, R.F. (1994). Effects of attention training on information processing in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20(3), 537–546.
Bentz, W.K., & Noel, R.W. (1983). The incidence of psychiatric disorder among a sample of men entering prison. Corrective and Social Psychology, 29, 22–28.
Blanchette, K., & Motiuk, L.L. (1996). Female offenders with and without major mental health problems: A comparative investigation. Ottawa: Correctional Services of Canada.
Bonovitz, J.A., & Bonovitz, J.S. (1981). Diversion of the mentally ill into the criminal justice system: The police intervention perspective. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 973–976.
Breier, A., Schreiber, J.L., Dyer, J., & Pickar, D. (1991). National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal study of chronic schizophrenia: Prognosis and predictors of outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 239–246.
Brown, T.A., & Barlow, D.H. (1992). Comorbidity among anxiety disorders: Implications for treatment and DSM-IV. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(6), 835–844.
California Department of Corrections. (1989). Current description, evaluation, and recommendations for treatment of mentally disordered offenders. Final report submitted to the California State Legislature. San Francisco: Standard Consulting Corporation.
Cohen, F. (1993). The legal context for mental health services. In H.J. Steadman & J.J. Cocozza (Eds.), Mental illness in America's prisons (pp. 25–59). Seattle: The National Coalition for the Mentally Ill in the Criminal Justice System.
Cote, G., & Hodgins, S. (1990). Co-occurring mental disorder among criminal offenders. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 18(3), 271–281.
Daniel, A.E., Robins, A.J., Reid, J.C., & Wilfley, D.E. (1988). Lifetime and six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders among sentenced female offenders. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 16(4), 333–342.
Ditton, P.M. (1999). Mental health and treatment of inmates and probationers. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Dohrenwend, B.P., Shrout, P., Egri, G., & Mendelsohn, F. (1980). Measures of non-specific psychological distress and other dimensions of psychopathology in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1229–1236.
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 103 (1976).
Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., & McHugh, P.R. (1975). Mini-Mental State: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of the patient for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.
Guy, E., Platt, J.J., Zwerling, I., & Bullock, S. (1985). Mental health status of prisoners in an urban jail. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 12(1), 29–53.
Hodgins, S., & Cote, G. (1993). The criminality of mentally disordered offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20(2), 115–129.
James, J.F., Gregory, D., Jones, R.K., & Rundell, O.H. (1980). Psychiatric morbidity in prisons. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 31(10), 674–677.
Kal, E. (1977). Mental health in jail. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 463.
Kessler, R.C., Crum, R.M., Warner, L.A., Nelson, C.B., Schulenberg, J., & Anthony, J.C. (1997). Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 313–321.
Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C.B., Hughes, M., Eshelman, S., Wittchen, H. & Kendler, K.S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19.
Lamb, H.R., & Grant, R.W. (1983). Mentally ill women in a county jail. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 363–368.
Liberman, R.P., & Corrigan, P.W. (1993). Designing new psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. Comparative Psychiatry, 56, 238.
Maden, T., Swinton, M., & Gunn, J. (1994). Psychiatric disorder in women serving a prison sentence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 44–54.
Malgady, R.G., & Costantino, G. (1998). Symptom severity in bilingual Hispanics as a function of clinician ethnicity and language of interview. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 120–127.
Merianos, D.E., Marquart, J.W., Damphousse, K., & Hebert, J.L. (1997). From the outside in: Using public health data to make inferences about older inmates. Crime and Delinquency, 43(3), 298–313.
Metzner, J.L. (1997a). An introduction to correctional psychiatry: Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25(3), 375–381.
Metzner, J.L. (1997b). An introduction to correctional psychiatry: Part II. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25(4), 571–579.
Metzner, J.L. (1998). An introduction to correctional psychiatry: Part III. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 26(1), 107–115.
Millon, T., & Davis, R.D. (1996). Disorders of personality: DSM-IV and beyond (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Monahan, J., & McDonough, L. (1980). Delivering community mental health services to a county jail population: A research note. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 8, 28–32.
Motiuk, L.L., & Porporino, F.J. (1991). The prevalence, nature and severity of mental health problems among federal male inmates in Canadian penitentiaries. Ottawa: Correctional Services of Canada.
Neighbors, H.W., Williams, D.H., Gunnings, T.S., Lipscomb, W.D., Broman, C., & Lepkowski, J. (1987). The prevalence of mental disorder in Michigan prisons. Final report submitted to the Michigan Department of Corrections. Lansing: Michigan Department of Corrections.
Nielson, E.D. (1979). Community mental health services in community jail. Community Mental Health Journal, 15(1), 27–32.
Ovsiew, F. & Fenwick, B.C. (1999). Neuropsychiatry in the prison. In Ovsiew, F. (Ed.), Neuropsychiatry and mental health services (pp. 197–220). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Petrich, J. (1976). Rate of psychiatric morbidity in a metropolitan county jail population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133(12), 1439–1444.
Piotrowski, K., Lasacco, D., & Guze, S. (1976). Psychiatric disorders and crime: A study of pretrial psychiatric examinations. Diseases of the Nervous System, 37, 309–311.
Powell, T.A., Holt, J.C., & Fondacaro, K.M. (1997). The prevalence of mental illness among inmates in a rural state. Law and Human Behavior, 21(4), 427–438.
Robins, L.N., & Helzer, J.E. (1985). Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), Version III-A. St. Louis, MO: Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry.
Robins, L., & Regier, D. (Eds.). (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America: The epidemiologic catchment area study. New York: Free Press.
Ruiz v. Estelle, 503 F. Supp. 1256, 1323 (1980).
Shichor, D., & Sechrest, D.K. (Eds.). (1996). Three strikes and you're out: Vengeance as public policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Snow, W.H., & Briar, K.H. (1990). The convergence of the mentally disordered in the jail population. Journal of Offender Counseling, Services and Rehabilitation, 15, 147–162.
Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., Gibbon, M., & First, M.B. (1990). Structured Clinical Interview for DSMIII-R. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.
Steadman, H.J., Monahan, J., Duffee, B., Hartstone, E., & Robbins, P.C. (1984). The impact of state mental hospital deinstitutionalization on United States prison populations, 1968–1978. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 75(2), 474–490.
Swank, G., & Winer, D. (1976). Occurrence of psychiatric disorder in a county jail population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 1331–1333.
Teplin, L.A. (1990). The prevalence of severe mental disorder among urban jail detainees: Comparison with the Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 663–669.
Toch, H., Adams, K., & Greene, R. (1987). Ethnicity, disruptiveness, and emotional disorder among prison inmates. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 14(1), 93–109.
Velligan, D.I., Mahurin, R.K., Diamond, P.M., Hazelton, B.C., Eckert, S.L., & Miller, A.L. (1997). The functional significance of symptomatology and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 25, 21–31.
Velligan, D.I., Mahurin, R.K., True, J.E., Lefton, R.S., Flores, C., & Miller, A.L. (1996). Preliminary evaluation of cognitive adaptation training to compensate for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 47, 415–417.
Wees, G. (1996). Inmate population expected to increase 43% by 2002. Corrections Compendium, 21(4), 1–22.
Whitmer, G.E. (1980). From hospitals to jails: The fate of California's deinstitutionalized mentally ill. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 50, 65–75.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Diamond, P.M., Wang, E.W., Holzer, C.E. et al. The Prevalence of Mental Illness in Prison. Adm Policy Ment Health 29, 21–40 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013164814732
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013164814732