Abstract
The introduction of a diagnosis such as cancer to an adolescent confounds an already stressful existence, as chronically ill adolescents face the same developmental tasks and challenges as healthy adolescents. Understanding and enhancing the unique coping strategies employed by teenagers is an important method to improve adjustment to cancer. Through two series of group therapy sessions for adolescents with cancer and their parents we discovered four primary challenges that adolescent cancer survivors face as well as various strategies that they use to cope with these challenges.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Adams, M. (1978). Helping the parents of children with malignancy. J. Pediatr. 93: 734-738.
Adams-Greeley, M. (1991). Psychosocial assessment and intervention at initial diagnosis. Pediatrician 18(3): 3-10.
Alter, C. L., Pelcovitz, D., Axelrod, A., Goldenberg, B., Harris, H., Meyers, B., Mandel, F., Spetimus, A., and Kaplan, S. (1996). Identification of PTSD in cancer survivors. Psychosomatics, 37(2): 137-143.
Archer, R. L., and Berg, J. H. (1978). Disclosure reciprocity and its limits: A reactance analysis. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 14(6): 527-540.
Baider, L., and De-Nour, A. K. (1989). Group therapy with adolescent cancer patients. J. Adolesc. Health Care 10: 35-38.
Barr, D. (1997). Friendship and belonging. In Selman, R. L., Watts, C. L., and Schultz, L. H. (eds.), Fostering Friendship: Pair Therapy for Treatment and Prevention, De Gruyter, New York.
Berndt, T. J., and Ladd, G. W. (1989). Peer Relationships in Child Development, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Binger, C. M., Ablin, A. R., Feuerstein, R. C., Kushner, J. H., Zoger, S., and Mirkelsten, C. (1969). Childhood leukemia: Emotional impact on patient and family. New Engl. J. Med. 280(8): 414-418.
Blotcky, A. D., Conaster, C., Cohen, D. G., and Klopovitch, P. (1990). Psychosocial characteristics of adolescents who refuse cancer treatment. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 53(5): 729-731.
Bowen, J. (1985). Helping children and their families cope with congenital heart disease. Crit. Care Q. 8(3): 65-74.
Byrne, C., Stockwell, M., and Gudelis, S. (1984). Adolescent support groups in Oncology. Oncol. Nurs. For. 11(4): 36-40.
Chang, P. N., Nesbit, N. E., Younggren, N., and Robinson, L. L. (1987). Personality characteristics and psychosocial adjustment of long-term survivors of childhood cancer. J. Psychosoc. Oncol. 5: 43-58.
Classen, C., Diamond, S., Abdoeline, S., Fobair, P., Spira, J., and Spiegel, D. (1993). Brief supportive-expressive group therapy for women with primary breast cancer: A treatment manual. Unpublished manual.
Conyard, S., Krishnamurthy, M., and Dosik, H. (1980). Psychosocial aspects of sickle-cell anemia in adolescents. Health Soc. Work 5: 20-26.
Deasy-Spinetta, P., Spinetta, J., and Oxman, J. B. (1988). The relationship between learning deficits and social adaptation in children with leukemia. J. Psychosoc. Oncol. 6: 109-121.
Dolgin, M. J., Somer, E., Zaidel, N., and Zaizov, R. (1997). A structured group intervention for siblings of children with cancer. J. Child Adolesc. Group Ther. 7(1): 3-18.
Drotar, D., and Bush, M. (1985). Mental health issues and services. In N. Hobbs and J. M. Perrin (Eds.), Issues in the care of children with chronic illness, (pp. 514-550). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Eiser, C. (1980). Effects of chronic illness on intellectual development. Arch. Dis. Children 55: 766-770.
Ell, K. O., and Reardon, K. K. (1990). Psychosocial care for the chronically ill adolescent: Challenges and opportunities. Health Soc. Work 15(4): 272-282.
Eng, B., and Davies, B. (1991). Effects of a summer camp experience on self-concept of children with cancer. J. Pediatr. Oncol. Nurs. 8(2): 89-90.
Erickson, S. J., Palmer, L., Achilles, G. M., Classen, C., Koopman, C., Steiner, H., and Speigel, D. (2000). Brief supportive-expressive group therapy for adolescents with cancer and their families: A treatment manual. Unpublished manual.
Erickson, S. J., and Steiner, H. (2000). Trauma and personality correlates in long term pediatric cancer survivors. Child Psychiat. Hum. Dev. 31(3): 195-213.
Fritz, G. K., Williams, J. R., and Amylon, M. (1988). After treatment ends: Psychosocial sequelae in pediatric cancer survivors. Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 58(4): 552-561.
Garrison, W. T., and McQuiston, S. (1989). Chronic illness during childhood and adolescence: Psychological aspects. Developmental Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol. 19, Newburpark, CA: Sage.
Glaser, B., and Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co.
Glazer, J. P. (1991). Psychiatric aspects of cancer in childhood and adolescence. In Lewis, M. (ed.). Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 964-977.
Green, B. L., Epstein, S. A., Krupnick, J. L., and Roland, J. H. (1997). Trauma and medical illness: Assessing, trauma-related disorders in medical settings. In J. P. Wilson and T. M. Keane (eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 160-191). New York: Guilford Press.
Greenberg, H. S., Kazak, A. E., and Meadows, A. T. (1989). Psychologic functioning in 8-to 16-year old cancer survivors and their parents. J. Pediatr. 114: 488-493.
Haynes, B. R., Taylor, D. W., and Sackett, D. L. (Eds.) (1979). Compliance in health care. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
Hurtig, A. L., Koepke, D., and Park, K. B. (1989). Relation between severity of chronic illness and adjustment in children with leukemia. J. Psychosoc. Oncol. 6: 109-121.
Ivan, T. M., and Glazer, J. P. (1994). Quality of life in pediatric psychiatry:A new outcome measure. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 3(3): 599-611.
Katz, E. R., Rubinstein, C. L., and Hubert, N. C. (1988). School and social reintegration of children with cancer. J. Psychosoc. Oncol. 6: 123-140.
Klein, S. J. D. (1976). Chronic kidney disease: Impact on the child and family strategies for coping. Diss. Abstr. Int. 36(4): 5580-A.
Kliewer, W. (1997). Children coping with chronic illness. In S. Wolchik and I. Sandler (Eds.), Handbook of Children's Coping (pp. 273-300). New York: Plenum Press.
Koocher, G., and O'Malley, J. (1981). The Damocles Syndrome, McGraw Hill, New York.
Kupersmidt, J. B., and Cole, J. D. (1990). Preadolescent peer status, aggression, and school adjustment as predictors of externalizing problems in adolescence. Child Dev. 61: 1350-1362.
La Greca, A. M., and Gables, C. (1988). Children with diabetes and their families. Coping and disease management. Stress Cop. Across Develop. 15: 139-159.
Lavigne, J. V., and Faier-Routman, J. (1992). Psychological adjustment to pediatric physical disorders. A metaanalytic review. J. Pediat. Psychol. 18: 133-157.
Lorenz, R. A., and Wysocki, T. (1991). The family and childhood diabetes. Diabe. Spectr. 4: 261-292.
Mitchell, G. W., and Glickman, A. S. (1977). Cancer patients: Knowledge and attitude. Cancer 40: 61-66.
Morgan, S. A., and Jackson, J. (1986). Psychological and social concommitants of sickle cell anemia in adolescents. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 11: 429-440.
Morison, P., and Masten, A. S. (1991). Peer reputation in middle childhood as a predictor of adaptation in adolescence: A 7-year follow up. Child Dev. 62: 1350-1362.
Noll, R. B., Ris, M. D., Davies, W. H, Bukowski, W. M., and Koontz, K. (1992). Social interactions between children with cancer or sickle cell disease and their peers: Teacher ratings. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 13(3): 187-193.
Packman, W. L., Crittenden, M. R., Schaeffer, E., Bongar, B., Fischer, J. B., and Cowan, M. J. (1997). Psychosocial consequences of bone marrow transplantation in donor and non-donor siblings. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 18(4): 244-253.
Parker, J. G., and Asher, S. R. (1987). Peer relations and later personal adjustments: Are low accepted children at risk? Psychol. Bull. 102: 357-389.
Parsons, T., and Fox, R. (1952). Illness, therapy, and the modern urban American family. J. Soc. Iss. 8: 31-44.
Pazola, K. J., and Gerberg, A. K. (1985). Teen group: A forum for the hospitalized adolescent. Amer. J. Mater. Child Nurs. 10(4): 265-269.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1993). Social mechanisms of constraint. In Wegner, D. M., and Pennebaker, J. W. (eds.), Handbook of Mental Control, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 200-219.
Perrin, E. C., and Gerrity, P. S. (1981). There's a demon in your belly: Children's understanding of illness. Pediatrics 67(6): 841-849.
Ross, D. M. (1996). Childhood Bullying and Teasing: What School Personnel, Other Professionals, and Parents Can Do, American Counseling Association, Alexandria, VA.
Sawyer, M., Crettenden, A., and Toogood, I. (1986). Psychological adjustment of families of children and adolescents treated for leukemia. Am. J. Pediatr. Hematol./Oncol. 8: 200-207.
Schuler, D., Bakos, M., Zsambor, C., Polez, A., Koos, R., Kardos, G., and Revesz, T. (1985). Psychosocial problems in families of a child with cancer. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 13: 173-179.
Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 66(1): 174-184.
Sourkes, B. M. (1980). Siblings of the pediatric cancer patient. In Kellerman, J. (ed.), Psychological Aspects of Childhood Cancer, C. C. Thomas, Springfield, Il.
Sourkes, B. M. (1995). Armfuls of Time-The Psychological Experience of the Child with a Life-Threatening Illness, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA.
Spiegel, D., Bloom, J. R., Kraemer, H. C., and Gottheil, E. (1989). Effect of psychosocial treatment on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet 2: 888-891.
Spiegel, D., Bloom, J. R., and Yalom, I. (1981). Group support for patients with metastatic cancer. A randomized outcome study. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 38(5): 527-533.
Spinetta, J. J., and Maloney, L. J. (1978). The child with cancer: Patterns of communication and denial. J. Consul. Clin. Psychol. 46(6): 1540-1541.
Steiner, G., and Feldman, S. (1996). General principles and special problems. In H. Steiner and I. D. Yalom (Eds.), Treating Adolescents (1-41). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Strack, S., and Coyne, J. C. (1983). Social confirmation of dysphoria: Shared and private reactions to depression. J. Person. Soc. Psychol. 44(4): 798-806.
Stuber, M., Gonzalez, S., Benjamin, H., and Golant, M. (1995). Fighting for recovery: Group interventions for adolescents with cancer and their parents. J. Psychother. Prac. Res. 4(9): 286-296.
Stuber, M. L., Nader, K. O., Houskamp, B. M., and Pynoos, R. S. (1996). Appraisal of life threat and acute trauma responses in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients. J. Trauma. Stress 9(4): 673-686.
Sulte, H. A., Schlesinger, E. R., Mosher, W. E., and Feldman, J. G. (1972). Long-Term Childhood Illness, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA.
Tebbi, C. K. (1993). Treatment compliance in childhood and adolescence. Cancer Suppl. 71(10): 3441-3449.
Thompson, R. J., and Gustafson, K. E. (1996). Adherence: Adaptation to chronic childhood illness, American Psychological Association Chapter 11, 249-269.
Wellisch, D., Mosher, M., and VanScoy, C. (1978). Management of family emotion stress: Family group therapy in a private oncology practice. Int. J. Group Psychother. 28: 225-231.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Palmer, L., Erickson, S., Shaffer, T. et al. Themes Arising in Group Therapy for Adolescents With Cancer and Their Parents. International Journal of Rehabilitation and Health 5, 43–54 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012959119398
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012959119398