Skip to main content
Log in

Development and Initial Validation of the Child Routines Inventory

  • Published:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The importance of establishing predictable routines during childhood consistently has been emphasized in the popular parenting literature, despite a paucity of empirical evidence. The lack of research may be partially due to a lack of suitable instruments designed to measure children's routines. This study describes development and preliminary psychometric data in support of the Child Routines Inventory (CRI), an empirically derived, content-valid, parent-report measure of commonly occurring routines in school-aged children. Principal components analysis yielded a four-factor structure (composed of 36 items), accounting for 44.2% of the total variance. The CRI was found to have excellent internal consistency (α = .90), good test-retest reliability (r = .86), and preliminary evidence of construct validity, demonstrating a moderate relationship with measures of child behavior problems and family routines. These results suggest the CRI to be a promising new measure of child routines that would benefit from further validation studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Adams, C. D., & Drabman, R. S. (1995). Improving morning interactions: Beat-the-buzzer with a boy having multiple handicaps. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 17, 13-26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, L. A., & Rickert, V. I. (1989). Reducing bedtime tantrums: Comparison between positive routines and graduated extinction. Pediatrics, 84, 756-761.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A. (1997). Defiant children: A clinician's manual for assessment and parent training (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, K. E., Reiss, M. L., Rogers, R. W., & Bailey, J. S. (1983). Dining out with children: Effectiveness of a parent advice package on pre-meal inappropriate behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 16, 55-68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, E. (1991, September). Little moments that mean a lot. Parents Magazine, 66, 77(5).

  • Boyce, W. T., Jensen, E. W., Cassel, J. C., Collier, A. M., Smith, A. H., & Ramey, C. T. (1977). Influence of life events and family routines on childhood respiratory tract illness. Pediatrics, 60, 609-615.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, W. T., Jensen, E. W., James, S. A., & Peacock, J. L. (1983). The family routines inventory: Theoretical origins. Social Science and Medicine, 17, 193-200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. H., & Caldwell, B. M. (1981). Pediatric usefulness of HOME assessment. Advances in Behavioral Pediatrics, 2, 61-80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, G. H., & Flor, D. L. (1997). Maternal psychological functioning, family processes, and child adjustment in rural, single-parent, African American families. Developmental Psychology, 33, 1000-1011.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, B., & Bradley, R. (1984). Home observation for measurement of the environment. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy, A. (1992, July). When, why, how to get your baby into a routine. Working Mother, 15, 56, 58-60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245-276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christophersen, E. R. (1982). Incorporating behavioral pediatrics into primary care. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 29, 261-296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H. B., Greene, B. F., Macrae, J.W., McNees, M. P., Davis, J. L., & Risley, T. R. (1977). A parent advice package for family shopping trips. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 605-624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coons, C. E., Gay, E. C., Fandal, A. W., Ker, C., & Frankenburg, W. K. (1981). The home screening questionnaire: reference manual. Denver, CO: University of Colorado Health Sciences Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dadds, M. R. (1987). Families and origins of child behavior problems. Family Process, 26, 341-357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dadds, M. R., Sanders, M. R., & Bor, B. (1984). Training children to eat independently: Evaluation of mealtime management training for parents. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 12, 356-366.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drabman, R. S., & Creedon, D. L. (1979). Beat the buzzer. Child Behavior Therapy, 1, 295-296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eastman, P. (1994, March). Kids! Birth to 2. Working Mother, 17, 66, 68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, A., Murkoff, H. E., & Hathaway, S. E. (1996). What to expect the toddler years. New York: Workman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ertem, I. O., Forsyth, B. W. C., Avni-Singer, A. J., Damour, L. K., & Cicchetti, D.V. (1997). Development of a supplement to the HOME scale for children living in impoverished urban environments. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 18, 322-328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S., & Pinkus, D. (1999). Eyberg child behavior inventory and sutter-eyberg student behavior inventory-revised: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S., & Robinson, E. (1983). Conduct problem behavior: Standardization of a behavior rating scale with adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 347-354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S., & Ross, A. W. (1978). Assessment of child behavior problems: The validation of a new inventory. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 7, 113-116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiese, B. H., & Kline, C. A. (1993). Development of the Family Ritual Questionnaire: Initial reliability and validation studies. Journal of Family Psychology, 6, 290-299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forehand, R. L. (1986). Parental roles in childhood psychpathology. In C. L. Frame & J. L. Matson (Eds.), Handbook of assessment in childhood psychopathology. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forehand, R. L., & McMahon, R. J. (1981). Helping the noncompliant child. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galbraith, L., Hewitt, K. E., & Pritchard, L. (1993). Behavioural treatment for sleep disturbance. Health Visitor, 66, 169-171.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, N.W. (1997, March). Your baby's amazing memory: New research reveals how much infants remember. Parents Magazine, 72, 90-92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handler, C. S. (1997, November). “It's time to go”: How to get your preschooler to switch gears without tears. Parents Magazine, 72, 181-182, 184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hembree-Kigin, T., & McNeil, C. (1995). Parent-child interaction therapy. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, M. A. (1994, April). Nag nag nag! Parenting, 8, 66-67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). A four-factor index of social status. New Haven, CT: Yale University Sociology Department.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, E. W., James, S. A., Boyce, W. T., & Hartnett, S. A. (1983). The family routines inventory: Development and validation. Social Science and Medicine, 17, 201-211.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kase, L. M. (1999a, February). Routines to the rescue.ParentsMagazine, 74, 119-120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kase, L. M. (1999b, October). Discipline for your little ones. Parents Magazine, 74, 114-118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keltner, B. (1990). Family characteristics of preschool social competence among black children in a head start program. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 21, 95-108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, R.W. (2001). The encouraging parent: How to stop yelling at your kids and start teaching them confidence, self-discipline, and joy. New York: Three Rivers Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kliewer, W., & Kung, E. (1998). Family moderators of the relation between hassles and behavior problems in inner-city youth. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 278-292.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, G. P., Tein, J. Y., Shell, R., & Roosa, M. (1992). The crossethnic equivalence of parenting and family interaction measures among hispanic and anglo-american families. Child Development, 63, 1392-1403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, B. R., & Weidinger, D. (2000). Interventions for infant and toddler sleep disturbance: A review. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 22, 33-50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manne, S. L., Lesanics, D., Meyers, P., Wollner, N., Steinherz, P., & Redd, W. (1995). Predictors of depressive symptomatology among parents of newly diagnosed children with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 491-510.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, M. L., Dorsett, P. G., Calhoun, M. E., & Drabman, R. S. (1987). “Beat-the-Buzzer”: A method for decreasing parent-child morning conflicts. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 9, 35-48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milan, M. A., Mitchell, Z. P., Berger, M. I., & Pierson, D. F. (1981). Positive routines: A rapid alternative to extinction for elimination of bedtime tantrum behavior. Child Behavior Therapy, 3, 13-25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mindell, J. A. (1999). Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: Bedtime refusal and night wakings in young children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 24, 465-481.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moos, R., & Moos, B. S. (1981). Family environment scale manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, J., Erwin, C., & Duffy, R. (1998). Positive discipline for preschoolers (Rev. 2nd ed.). Rocklin, CA: Prima.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruitt, D. B. (Ed.). (1998). Your child: What every parent needs to know. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, E. A., Eyberg, S. M., & Ross, A.W. (1980). The standardization of an inventory of child problematic conduct behaviors. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 9, 22-28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M. R., Bor, B., & Dadds, M. (1984). Modifying bedtime disruptions in children using stimulus control and contingency management techniques. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 12, 130-141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seymour, F.W. (1987). Parent management of sleep difficulties in young children. Behaviour Change, 4, 39-48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimm, P. H., & Ballen, K. (1995). Parenting your toddler: The expert's guide to the tough and tender years. Reading, MA: Perseus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, B. K. (1999). Teacher knows best. Parents Magazine, 74, 92-94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spector, P. E. (1992). Summated rating scale construction: An introduction. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprunger, L. W., Boyce, W. T., & Gaines, J. A. (1985). Family-infant congruence: Routines and rhythmicity in family adaptations to a young infant. Child Development, 56, 564-572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics(3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umansky, D. (1997, March). Test-taking know-how: Skills and secrets to improve comprehension and raise scores. Working Mother, 20, 42-44, 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahler, R. G., & Dumas, J. E. (1986). Maintenance factors in coercive mother-child interactions: The compliance and predictability hypotheses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 13-22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahler, R. G., & Dumas, J. E. (1987). Family factors in childhood psychology: Toward a coercion-neglect model. In T. Jacob (Ed.), Family interaction and psychopathology: Theories, methods, and findings (pp. 581-672). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (1990). Predictors of treatment outcome in parent training for families with conduct problem children. Behavior Therapy, 21, 319-337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. A., & Forehand, R. (1984). An examination of predictor variables for child compliance and noncompliance. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12, 491-504.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, D. A., Kelly, J. A., & Drabman, R. S. (1981). “Beat the Buzzer”: A method for training an abusive mother to decrease recurrent child conflicts. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 10, 114-116.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sytsma, S.E., Kelley, M.L. & Wymer, J.H. Development and Initial Validation of the Child Routines Inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 23, 241–251 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012727419873

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012727419873

Navigation