Abstract
Porous sol-gel glasses, either impregnated with pure C60 or doped with a methanofullerene derivative, have been studied and induced absorption or “reverse saturable absorption” (RSA) has been observed in both types of solid materials. The samples impregnated by pure C60 mainly contain well-dispersed fullerene molecules. Unlike crystalline films of C60, their absorption dynamics can be well described by a 5-level model, developed for non-interacting C60-molecules in solutions. Methanofullerene samples, on the other hand, show signs of micellar aggregation and therefore RSA dynamics that are influenced by solid state effects. We observe an important decrease of transmission at high fluences for both kinds of samples, a shortened singlet-state lifetime to that observed in solution, but nonetheless, a triplet yield, that cannot be considered as negligible. In the case of pure C60 in a sol-gel matrix, we can explain the faster de-excitation dynamics, relative to behavior in solution, mainly by the absence of stabilizing aromatic solvents and also by the interaction of the amorphous environment with the molecules. Concerning the methanofullerene samples, the acceleration of the de-excitation dynamics can be principally attributed to solid-state effects due to the micellar aggregation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P. Bourdon and S. Paolacci-Riera, Optique et Photonique 4, 22 (1998).
L.W. Tutt and A. Kost, Nature 356, 225 (1992).
J.W. Perry, K. Mansour, I.-Y. S. Lee, X.-L. Wu, P.V. Bedworth, C.-T. Chen, D. Ng, S.R. Marder, P. Miles, T. Wada, M. Tian, and H. Sasabe, Science 273, 1533 (1996).
D. Vincent and J. Cruickshank, Applied Optics 36(30), 7794 (1997).
K.M. Nashold and D. Powell Walter, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 12(7), 1228 (1995).
M.P. Joshi, R. Mishra, H.S. Rawat, C. Mehendale, and K.C. Rustagi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62(15), 1763 (1993).
D.G. McLean, R.L. Sutherland, M.C. Brant, D.M. Brandelik, P.A. Fleitz, and T. Pottenger, Optics Letters 18, 858 (1993).
F. Henari, J. Callaghan, H. Stiel, W. Blau, and D.J. Cardin, Chemical Physics Letters 199, 144 (1992).
B.L. Justus, Z.H. Kafafi, and A.L. Huston, Optics Letters 18, 1603 (1993).
S.R. Mishra, H.S. Rawat, M.P. Joshi, and S.C. Mehendale, Appl. Phys. A 63, 223 (1996).
Y. Sun, Q. Gong, S.-C. Yang, Y.H. Zou, L. Fei, and X. Zhou, Optics Communications 102, 205 (1993).
V.V. Golovlev, W.R. Garret, and C.H. Chen, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 2801 (1996).
A. Kost, L. Tutt, M.B. Klein, T.K. Dougherty, and W.E. Elias, Optics Letters 18, 334 (1993).
A. Kost, J. Jensen, M.B. Klein, J.C. Withers, R.O. Loutfy, M.B. Haeri, M.E. Ehritz, and T. Yadav, Proc. SPIE 2284, 208 (1994).
C. Li, L. Zhang, R. Wang, Y. Song, and Y. Wang, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 1356 (1994).
V. Klimov, L. Smilowitz, H. Wang, M. Grigorova, J.M. Robinson, A. Koskelo, B.R. Mattes, F. Wudl, and D.W. McBranch, Res. Chem. Intermed. 23(7), 587 (1997).
R.A. Cheville and N.J. Halas, Phys. Rev. B 45(8), 4548 (1992).
V.M. Farztdinov, Y.E. Lozovik, Y.A. Matveets, A.G. Stepanov, and Y.S. Letokhov, J. Phys. Chem. 98, 3290 (1994).
S.R. Flom, J. Bartoli, H.W. Sarkas, C.D. Merrit, and Z.H. Kafafi, Phys. Rev. B 51(17), 11376 (1994).
L. Smilowitz, D. McBranch, V. Klimov, J.M. Robinson, M. Grigorova, B.J. Weyer, A. Koskelo, B.R. Mattes, H. Wang, and F. Wudl, Synthetic Metals 84, 931 (1997).
S. Couris, E. Koudoumas, A.A. Ruth, and S. Leach, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 28, 4537 (1995).
J. Barroso, A. Costela, I. Garcia-Moreno, and J.L. Salz, J. Phys. Chem A 102, 2527 (1998).
M. Lee, O. Song, J. Seo, D. Kim, Y.D. Suh, S.M. Jin, and S.K. Kim, Chem. Phys. Letters 196(3), 4325 (1992).
S. Leach, M. Vervloet, A. Despres, E. Breheret, J.P. Hare, T.J. Dennis, H.W. Kroto, R. Taylor, and D.R.M. Walton, Chemical Physics 160, 451 (1992).
J.W. Arbogast, A.P. Darmanyan, C.S. Foote, Y. Rubin, F.N. Diederich, M.M. Alvarez, S.J. Anz, and R.L. Whetten, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 11 (1991).
T.W. Ebbesen, K. Tanigaki, and S. Karoshima, Chem. Phys. Letters 181(6), 501 (1992).
J. Schell, D. Brinkmann, D. Ohlmann, B. Hönerlage, R. Lévy, M. Joucla, J.L. Rehspringer, J. Serughetti, and C. Bovier, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 8599 (1998).
D. Felder, D. Guillon, R. Lévy, A. Mathis, J.-F. Nicoud, J.-F. Nierengarten, J.-L. Rehspringer, and J. Schell, J. Mater. Chem. 10, 887 (2000).
O. Cintora-Gonzalez, C. Estournès, J.-L. Guille, J.-J. Grob, B. Hönerlage, J. Lemoigne, R. Lévy, T. Lutz, J.-C. Merle, D. Muller, M. Richard, J.-L. Rehspringer, J. Schell, and N. Viart, Analusis 28, 109 (2000).
R. Bensasson, E. Bienvenue, M. Dellinger, S. Leach, and P. Seta, J. Phys. Chem. 98, 3492 (1994).
J. Eastoe, E.R. Crooks, A. Beeby, and R.K. Heenan, Chemical Physics Letters 245, 571 (1995).
U. Jonas, F. Cardullo, P. Belik, F. Diederich, A. Gügel, E. Harth, A. Herrmann, L. Isaacs, K. Müllen, H. Ringsdorf, C. Thielgen, P. Uhlmann, A. Vasella, C.A.A. Waldraff, and M. Walter, Chem. Eur. J. 1, 243 (1995).
J. Catalán, New Journal of Chemistry 19, 1233 (1995).
C. Bingel, Chem. Ber. 126, 1957 (1993).
J.-F. Nierengarten, V. Gramlich, F. Cardullo, and F. Diederich, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 35, 2101 (1996).
X. Camps and A. Hirsch, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1595 (1997).
J.-F. Nierengarten and J.-F. Nicoud, Tetrahedron Lett. 38, 7737 (1997).
V.D. Felder and J.-F. Nierengartin, private communication. Selected spectroscopic data for 1: dark red solid (mp > 250°C); UV/Vis (in aqueous 0.1 M NaOH): see Figure 1; UV/Vis (CH2Cl2): λ max (ε)=257 (95000), 324 (27500), 425 (3200), 488 (2200), 685 (130); 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 200 MHz): 1.35–1.73 (m, 40 H), 2.17 (t, J = 6 Hz, 8 H), 3.87 (t, J = 6 Hz, 8 H), 5.41 (s, 4 H), 6.39 (t, J = 2 Hz, 2 H), 6.58 (d, J = 2 Hz, 4 H); FAB-MS: 1635.7 (10%, [M + H]+, calcd for C109H71O16: 1635.5), 720.2 (100%, [C60]+, calcd for C60: 720.0).
D.M. Guldi, H. Hungerbühler, and K.-D. Asmus, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 13487 (1995).
D.M. Guldi, J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 3895 (1997).
D.M. Guldi, H. Hungerbühler, and K.-D. Asmus, J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 1783 (1997).
J. Schell, D. Ohlmann, D. Brinkmann, R. Lévy, M. Joucla, J.L. Rehspringer, and B. Hönerlage, J. of Chem. Phys. 111, 5929 (1999).
B. Hönerlage, J. Schell, and R. Lévy, Nonlinear Optics 21, 189 (1999).
J.E. Riggs and Y.P. Sun, J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 485 (1999).
L. Smilowitz, D. McBranch, V. Klimov, J.M. Robinson, A. Koskelo, M. Grigorova, B.R. Mattes, H.Wang, and F. Wudl, Optics Letters 21, 922 (1996).
Y. Song, G. Fang, Y. Wang, S. Liu, C. Li, L. Song, Y. Zhu, and Q. Hu, Physics Letters 74, 332 (1999).
M. Meneghetti, M. Zerbetto, R. Signorini, R. Bozio, M. Maggini, G. Scorrano, M. Prato, G. Brusatin, E. Menegazzo, and M. Guglielmi, Synthetic Metals 86, 2353 (1997).
R.J. Sension, C.M. Philips, A.Z. Szarka, W.J. Romanow, A.R. McGhie, J.P. McCauley, A.B. Smith, and R.M. Hochstrasser, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 6075 (1991).
L. Yang, R. Dorsinville, and R. Alfano, Chemical Physics Letters 226, 605 (1994).
S.H. Gallagher, R.S. Armstrong, P.A. Lay, and C.A. Reed, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 5817 (1995).
B. Ma, C.E. Bunker, R. Guduru, X.-F. Zhang, and Y.-P. Sun, J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 5626 (1997).
N. Armaroli, F. Diederich, C.O. Dietrich-Buchecker, L. Flamigni, G. Marconi, J.-F. Nierengarten, and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J. 4, 406 (1998).
N. Armaroli, F. Diederich, L. Echegoyen, T. Habicher, L. Flamigni, G. Marconi, and J.-F. Nierengarten, New Journal of Chemistry 23, 77 (1999).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schell, J., Felder, D., Nierengarten, JF. et al. Induced Absorption of C60 and a Water-Soluble C60-Derivative in SiO2 Sol-Gel Matrices. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 22, 225–236 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012295919019
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012295919019