Skip to main content
Log in

Abstract

The Acipenseriformes (sturgeon and paddlefish)live in the Northern Hemisphere; half of thesespecies live in Europe, mostly in thePonto-Caspian region, one third in NorthAmerica, and the rest in East Asia and Siberia.They reproduce in freshwater and most of themmigrate to the sea, either living in brackishwater (Caspian, Azov, Black and Baltic Seas) orin full seawater on the oceanic continentalshelf. Most species feed on benthic organisms.Puberty usually occurs late in life (5–30 yearsof age) and adult males and females do notspawn on an annual basis. Adults continue togrow and some species such as the beluga (Huso huso) have reached 100 years of age andmore than 1,000 kg weight. Stocks of sturgeonsare dramatically decreasing, particularly inEurasia; the world sturgeon catch was nearly28,000 t in 1982 and less than 2,000 t by 1999.This decline resulted from overfishing andenvironmental degradation such as: accumulationof pollutants in sediments, damming of rivers,and restricting water flows, which becomeunfavorable to migration and reproduction.Several protective measures have beeninstituted; for example, fishing regulation,habitat restoration, juvenile stocking, and theCITES listing of all sturgeon productsincluding caviar. In addition, sturgeon farmingpresently yields more than 2,000 t per year(equivalent to wild sturgeon landings) andabout 15 t of caviar. Hopefully, thisartificial production will contribute to areduction of fishing pressure and lead to therehabilitation of wild stocks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdolhay, H. and Baradaran Trahori, H. (1999) Fingerling production and stock enhancement of sturgeon in South of Caspian Sea (Abstract). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akimova, N.V. and Ruban, G.I. (1993) The condition of the reproductive system of the Siberian sturgeon, Acipencer baeri, as a bioindicator. J. Ichthyol. 33(4), 15–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akimova, N.V. and Ruban, G.I. (1995) Disturbances of Siberian sturgeon's generative system resulted from anthropogenic influence. Proc. Intern. Sturg. Symp., Moscow, VNIRO, pp. 74–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ananiev, V.I. (1998) Research results and perspectives of the program: “Low temperature gene bank of marketable, rare and endangered fish and aquatic invertebrate species”. In: Action before Extinction, Proceedings International workshop, Vancouver, Canada, 16- 18 February 1998, pp. 147–161.

  • Antipa, G. (1933) Les sturions de la Mer Noire et les mesures nécessaires pour leur protection. Bull. Sect. Sci. Acad. Roumaine 16, 67–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arefjev, V.A. and Nikolaev, A.I. (1991) Cytological analysis of the reciprocal hybrids between low and high chromosome acipenserids, the great sturgeon Huso huso (L.) and the Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt. Cytologia 56, 495–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arefjev, V.A. (1999) Cytogenetics of interploid hybridization of sturgeons (Abstract). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlati, G., Grassi, A. and Granata, A. (1999) Restocking Acipenser naccarii in the Lombardian region (Abstract). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artyukhin, E.N. and Zarkua, Z.G. (1986) Taxonomic status of sturgeon of the Rioni river (Black Sea basin). J. Ichthyol. 26(1- 3), 29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artyukhin, E.N. and Andronov, A.E. (1990) A morphobiological study of the green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris (Chondrostrei, Acipenseridae), from the Tumnin (Datta) rivers and some aspects of the ecology and zoogeography of Acipenseridae. J. Ichthyol. 30(7), 11–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artyukhin, E.N., Barannikova, I.A. and Romanov, A.G. (1999) Russian strategies for conservation and reproduction of rare and common Caspian sturgeon species (Abstract). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 191–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Artyukhin, E.N. and Vecsei, P. (1999) On the status of Atlantic sturgeon: conspecificity of European Acipenser sturio and North American Acipenser oxyrinchus. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 35–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auer, N.A. (1996a) Response of spawing lake sturgeon to change in hydroelectric facility operation. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 125, 66–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auer, N.A. (1996b) Importance of habitat and migration to sturgeons with emphasis on lake sturgeon. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53, 152–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacalbasa-Dobrovici, N. (1999) Endangered migratory sturgeons of the lower Danube River and its delta. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 201–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, R.M. and Cross, F.B. (1954) River sturgeons of the American genus Scaphirhynchus: characters, distribution and synonymy. Papers Michigan Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters 39, 169–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bain, M.B. (1997) Atlantic and shortnose sturgeons of the Hudson River: common and divergent life history attributes. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 347–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barannikova, I.A. (1995) Measures to maintain sturgeon fisheries under conditions of ecosystem changes. Proc. Intern. Sturg. Symp., Moscow, VNIRO, pp. 131–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartley, D.M. (1998) Exsitu conservation, gene banks and responsible fisheries. In: Action before Extinction, Proceedings International workshop, Vancouver, Canada, 16- 18 February, 1998, pp. 45–55.

  • Beamesderfer, R.C.P. and Farr, R.A. (1997) Alternatives for the protection and restoration of sturgeons and their habitat. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 407–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bemis, W.E. and Kynard, B. (1997) Sturgeon rivers: an introduction to Acipenseriform biogeography and life history. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 167–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bemis, W.E., Findeis, E.K. and Grande, L. (1997) An overview of Acipenseriformes. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 25–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, L.S. (1948) Freshwater fishes of the USSR and adjacent countries. Nauka Publ. Moscow and Leningrad (in Russian) (English translation IPST Jerusalem 1962, pp. 52–111).

    Google Scholar 

  • Billard, R. (1996/97) Les esturgeons, données sur leur biologie et leur élevage. Il Pesce 6, 77–85; 1, 29–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billard, R., Cosson, J., Fierville, F., Brun, R., Rouault, Th. and Williot, P. (1999) Motility analysis and energetics of Acipenser baerii spermatozoa. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 199–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J. (1993) Sturgeons and paddlefishes: threatened fishes in need of conservation. Conserv. Biol. 7, 773–787.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J. (1997) Threatened fishes of the world: Pseudoscaphirhynchus spp. (Acipenseridae). Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 381–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J. and Bemis, W.E. (1997) How many species are there within the genus Acipenser? Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 157–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J., Poletaev, A.I. and Goncharov, B.F. (1993) The DNA content in Eurasian sturgeon species determined by flow cytometry. Cytometry 14, 377–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J., Waldman, J.R. and Bemis, W.E. (eds.) (1997a) Sturgeon biodiversity and conservation. Kluwer Academic Publisher Dordrecht, 444 pp. (Reedition of Env. Biol. Fish., Vol. 48).

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J., Hanner, R. and DeSalle, R. (1997b) Phylogeny of the Acipenseriformes: cytogenetic and molecular approaches. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 127–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J., Bemis, W.E. and Waldman, J.R. (1997c) The threatened status of acipenseriform fishes: a summary. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 423–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J. and DeSalle, R. (1998) Molecular phylogeny of Acipenserinae. Mol. Phylog. Evol. 9, 141–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J., Betts, J. and DeSalle, R. (1998) Molecular identification of Acipenser sturio specimens: a warning note on recovery plans. Biological Conservation 84, 97–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birstein, V.J., Doukakis, P. and DeSalle, R. (1999) Molecular phylogeny of Acipenserinae and black caviar species identification. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, M.E. (1785) Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome 8 “Esturgeons” 3è me édition, pp. 115–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronzi, P., Rosenthal, H., Arlati, G. and Williot, P. (1999) A brief overview on the status and prospects of sturgeon farming in Western and Central Europe. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 224–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruch, R.M. (1999) Management of lake sturgeon on the Winnebago system - long term impacts of harvest and regulation on population structure. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 142–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, S.H., Tatman, F. and Chapman, F.A. (1996) Observation on the natural history of the Gulf of Mexico sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus de sotoi Vladykov 1955) in the Suwannee River, Southeastern United State. Ecology Freshwater Fish. 5, 169–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, D.M., Pflieger, W.L., Trial, L. and Haverland, P.S. (1985) Distribution, biology and hybridization of Scaphirhynchus albus and S. platorynchus in the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Env. Biol. Fish. 14, 51–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cataldi, E., Ciccotti, E., Di Marco, P., Di Santo, O., Bronzi, P. and Cataudella, S. (1995) Acclimation trials of juvenile Italian sturgeon to different salinities: morpho-physiological descriptors. J. Fish. Biol. 47, 609–618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, F.A., Van Eenennaam, J.P. and Doroshov, S.I. (1996) The reproductive condition of white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, in San Francisco Bay, California. Fishery Bulletin 94, 628–634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chebanov, M.S. (1998) Conservation of sturgeon Genetic Diversity: enhancement and Living Gene Banks: In: Action before Extinction Proceedings International workshop, Vancouver, Canada, Feb 16- 18, 1998, pp. 163–173.

  • Chebanov, M.S., Savelyeva, E.A., Galich, E.V. and Chmyr, Yu. N. (1998) Reproduction of sturgeons under the conditions of the flow regulation of rivers. In: Aquarom 98, Galati, Romania, Mai 18- 22, 1998, pp. 56–59.

  • Chebanov, M.S. and Savelyeva, E.A. (1999) New straegies for brood stock management of sturgeons in the Sea of Azov bassin in reponse to changes in patterns of spawning migration. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 183–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chebanov, M.S. and Billard, R. (2001) The culture of sturgeons in Russia: production of juveniles for stocking and meat for human consumption. Aquat. Liv. Resourc., in press.

  • Chen, I.C., Chapman, F.A., Wei, C.I., Portier, K.M. and O'Keefe, S.F. (1995) Differentiation of cultured and wild sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus de sotoi) based on fatty acid composition. J. Food Sci. 60, 631–635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, I.C., Chapman, F.A., Wei, C.I. and O'Keefe, S.F. (1996) Preliminary studies on SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing identification of sturgeon sources of caviar. J. Food Sci. 61, 535–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevassus, B. (1990) Constitution of aquacultural stocks: Genetic aspects. In: Advances in Tropical Aquaculture IFREMER, Paris. Actes de colloques 9, 569–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • CITES (1994 / 1998 / 1999) Notification aux Parties No. 1999/85 (5 novembre 1999), No. 788 (10 mars 1994), No. 1998/36, 56, 61 et No. 1999/21, 34, 47, 53, 68. Secrétariat CITES, Genè ve.

  • Collins, M.R., Rogers, S.G., Smith, T.I.J. and Moser, M.L. (2000) Primary factors affecting sturgeon populations in the Southeastern United States: Fishing mortality and degradation of essential habitats. Bull. Mar. Sci. 66, 917–928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conte, F.S., Doroshov, S.I., Lutes, P.B. and Strange, E.M. (1988) Hatchery manual for the white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus with application to other North American Acipenseridae. Oakland Ca., University California, 104 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuvinciuc, M. (1995) Observation concerning the acclimatation of Polyodon spathula W. AQUAROM Galati 18- 22 sept. 1995, pp. 392–396, (In Romanian with English summary).

  • Debus, L. (1995) Historic and recent distribution of Acipenser sturio in the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Proc. Intern. Sturg. Symp., Moscow, VNIRO, pp. 189–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debus, L. (1997) Sturgeons in Europe and the causes of their decline. In: Birstein, V.J., Bauer, A. and Kaisen-Pohlmann, A. (eds.), Sturgeon Stocks and Caviar Trade Workshop. UICN, Gland, Switzland and Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debus, L. (1999) Meristic and morphological peculiarities of the Baltic sturgeon (Acipenser sturio). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 38–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Degens, E.T. and Ross, D.A. (1972) Chronology of the Black Sea over the last 25 000 years. Chem. Geol. 10, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeSalle, R. and Birstein, V.J. (1996) PCR identification of black caviar. Nature 381, 197–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dettlaff, T.A. and Ginsburg, A.S. (1963) Acrosome reaction in sturgeons and the role of Calcium ions in the union of gametes. Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSSR 153, 1461–1464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dettlaff, T.A., Ginsburg, A.S. and Schmalhausen, O.I. (1993) Sturgeon Fishes Developmental Biology and Aquaculture. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer-Verlag, 300 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVore, J.D., James, B.W., Tracy, C.A. and Hale, D.A. (1995) Dynamics and potential production of white sturgeon in the unimpounded lower Columbia River. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 124, 845–856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doroshov, S.I. (1985) Biology and culture of sturgeon, Acipenseriformes. In: Muir, J.F. and Roberts, R.J. (eds.), Recent Advances in Aquaculture. University Stirling, UK, pp. 251–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doroshov, S.I., Moberg, G.P. and Van Eenennaam, J.P. (1997) Observations on the reproductive cycle of cultured white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. Environ. Biol. Fish. 48, 265–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doroshov, S.I. and Van Eenennaam, J.P. (1999) Development of white sturgeon broodstock. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 326–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J.J. (1992) Gene trees and species trees: molecular systematics as one-character taxonomy. Syst. Bot. 17, 144–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J.J. (1997) Trees within trees: genes and species, molecules and morphology. Syst. Biol. 46, 537–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, S.E., Anders, P., Ennis, G., Hallock, R., Hammond, J., Ireland, S., Laufle, J., Lauzier, R., Lockhart, L., Marotz, B., Paragamian, V.L. and Westerof, R. (1999) Recovery plan for the Kootenai River white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 157–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumont, M. (1995) Ecocide in the Caspian Sea. Nature 377, 673–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elvira, B. and Almodovar, A. (1999) A morphological study of the native sturgeon Acipenser sturio from Spain and recent records of the exotic Siberian sturgeon A. baeri. (Abstract). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 278–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, M.M. and Duckworth, G.A. (1997) The status and distribution of lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, in the Cana dian provinces of Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec: a genetic perspective. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 299–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippov, G.M. (1976) Some data on the biology of the beluga Huso huso from the south-eastern part of the Caspian sea. J. Ichthyol. 16(4), 566–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findeis, E.K. (1997) Osteology and phylogenetic interrelationships of sturgeons (Acipenseridae). Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 73–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontana, F., Rossi, R., Lanfredi, M., Arlati, G. and Bronzi, P. (1999) Chromosome banding in sturgeons. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortin, F., Dumont, P., Monfgeau, J.R., Leveille, M., Guénette, S. and Desjardins, G. (1991) Distinction des stocks d'esturgeon jaune Acipenser fulvescens du lac des deux montagnes et du couloir fluvial du St. Laurent au moyen de l'étude des déplacements, de la croissance et de la mortalité. In: Williot, P. (ed.), Acipenser. Bordeaux, CEMAGREF, pp. 295–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, A.M. and Clugston, J.P. (1997) Seasonal migration of Gulf sturgeon in the Suwannee River, Florida. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 126, 302–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrido-Ramos, M.A., Soriguer, M.C., de la Herran, R., Jamilena, M., Ruiz Rejon, C., Domezain, A., Hernando, J.A. and Ruiz Rejon, M. (1997) Morphometric and genetic analysis as proof of the existence of two sturgeon species in the Guadalquivir river. Marine Biology 129, 33–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geraskin, P.P. (1995) Sturgeon (Acipenseridae) responses to new ecological condition in the Caspian Sea. Proc. Intern. Sturg. Symp., Moscow, VNIRO, pp. 173–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerbilskii, N.L. (1951) Intraspecific biological groups of Acipenserines and their reproduction in the lower regions of rivers with regulated flow. Syst. Zool. 4, 86–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghershanovich, A.D. and Smith, T.I.J. (eds.) (1995) International Symposium on Sturgeons. Sept. 1993, Moscow, VNIRO, 350 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giovannini, G., Colombo, L., Bronzi, P. and Arlati, G. (1991) Growth of hatchery produced juveniles of italian sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) Bonaparte, reared intensively in freshwater. In: Williot, P. (ed.), Acipenser. Bordeaux, CEMAGREF, pp. 401–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, K. (1997) Contemporary status of the North American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 279–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, K., Hamilton, J., Grace, T., Stucky, N. and Hrabik, B. (1995) An Action Plan for Pallid Sturgeon in Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, 11 pp.

  • Grande, L. and Bemis, W.E. (1991) Osteology and phylogenetic relationship of fossil and recent paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) with comments on the interrelationships of Acipenseriformes. J. Vert. Paleo. 11(Suppl.1), 1–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grande, L. and Bemis, W.E. (1996) Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes with comments on “Chondrostei”. In: Stiassny, M.Y., Parenti, L.R. and Johnson, G.D. (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. New York Academic Press, pp. 85–115.

  • Grunina, A.S., Recoubratsky, A.V., Minin, A.A. and Neyfakh, A.A. (1999) Dispermic androgenesis in sturgeons (Abstract). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guénette, S., Fortin, R. and Rassart, E. (1993) Mitochondrial DNA variation in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) from the St. Lawrence River and James Bay drainage basins in Quebec, Canada. Can. J. Fish. Aqu. Sci. 50, 659–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanski, I. (1998) Metapopulation dynamics. Nature 386(5), 41–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, K. and Holcik, J. (1997) Past and current status of sturgeons in the upper and middle Danube River. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 185–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernando, J.A., Vasilieva, E.D., Arlati, J., Vasiliev, V.P., Santiago, J.A., Belysheva-Polyakova, L., Domezain, A. and Soriguer, M.C. (1999) New evidence for a wider historical area of two species of Europan sturgeons: Acipenser naccarii and Huso huso (Acipenseridae). J. Ichthyol. 29(6), 841–845.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holcik, J. (ed.) (1989) Freshwater fishes of Europe (Vol I part II). General Introduction to Fishes and Acipenseriformes. Wiesbaden, Aula Verlag, 469 pp.

  • Hubbs, C.L. and Lagler, K.F. (1958) Fishes of the Great Lakes Region. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp. 37–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanov, V.P., Vlasenko, A.D., Khodorevskaya, R.P. and Raspopov, V.M. (1999) Contemporary status of the Caspian sturgeon (Acipenseridae) stock and its conservation. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 103–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jatteau, P. (1998) Etude bibliographique des principales caractéristiques de l'écologie des larves d'Acipenserides. Bull. Fr. Pê che Piscic. 350/351, 445–464 (in French, English Summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.E. (1987) Protected Fishes of the United States and Canada. Bethesda American Fisheries Society, 42 pp.

  • Johnson, J.H., Dropkin, D.S., Warkentine, B.E., Rachlin, J.W. and Andrews, W.D. (1997) Food habits of Atlantic sturgeon off the central New Jersey coast. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 126, 166–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keenlyne, K.D. (1995) Recent North American studies on pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes and Richardson). Proc. Intern. Sturg. Symp., Moscow, VNIRO, pp. 225–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keenlyne, K.D. (1997) Life history and status of the shovelnose sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 291–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keenlyne, K.D. and Jenkins, L.G. (1993) Age at sexual maturity of the pallid sturgeon. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 122, 393–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyvanfar, A., Rochu, D., Marneux, M., Herance, N. and Fine, J.M. (1987) Différenciation par focalisation isoélectrique des protéines de caviar de quatre espè ces et d'une sousespè ce d'esturgeon anadrome de la mer Caspienne. C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris 304 (III), 9, 191–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khodorevskaya, R.P. (1999) Formation of commercial stock of Huso huso in the Volga-Caspian region by hatchery reproduction. J. Ichthyol. 39(9), 807–810.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khodorevskaya, R.P., Polyaninova, A.A., Geraskin, P.P. and Romanov, A.A. (1995) A study on physiological and biochemical status of Beluga sturgeon, Huso huso (L.), and its feeding habits. Proc. Intern. Sturg. Symp. Moscow, VNIRO, pp. 164–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khodorevskaya, R.P., Dovgopol, G.F., Zhuravleva, O.L. and Vlasenko, A.D. (1997) Present status of commercial stocks of sturgeons in the Caspian Sea basin. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 209–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khodorevskaya, R.P. and Krasikov, Ye. V. (1999) Sturgeon abundance and distribution in the Caspian Sea. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 106–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieffer, M.C. and Kynard, B. (1993) Annual movements of shortnose and Atlantic sturgeons in the Merrimack River, Massachusetts. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 122, 1088–1103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlhorst, D.W. (1995) Use of mathematical model as a management tool to evaluate sport angling regulations for white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, in the Sacramento-San Joaquim Estuary, California. Proc. Intern. Sturg. Symp. Moscow, VNIRO, pp. 239–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kokoza, A.A. (1999) Importance of artificial reproduction in preserving Caspian sturgeons (Acipenseridae) (Abstract). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolman, R. and Krylova, V.D. (1999) A new hybrid: Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt) x Sakhalin sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris Ayres) (Abstract). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korkosh, V.V. and Pronenko, S.M. (1998) Determining the age and evaluating the growth rate of the russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedti, and the starred sturgeon, A. stellatus, from the sea of Azov. J. Ichthyol. 38(4), 309–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krayushkina, L.S. and Moiseyenko, S.N. (1977) Functional characteristics of osmoregulation in ecologically different species of sturgeon Acipenseridae in hypertonic environment. J. Ichthyol. 17(3), 441–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krayushkina, L.S. (1998). Characteristics of osmotic and ionic regulation in marine diadromous sturgeons Acipenser brevirostrum and A. oxyrhynchus (Acipenseridae). J. Ichthyol. 38(8), 660–668.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, J., Fuerst, P.A. and Cavender, T.M. (2000) Phylogenetic relationships of the North American sturgeon (Order Acipenseriforme) based on Mitochondrial sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 18, 64–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krykhtin, M.L. (1976) Morphological indicators of the kaluga sturgeon Huso dauricus from the Amur estuary. J. Ichthyol. 16(2), 259–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krykhtin, M.L. and Svirskii, V.G. (1997) Endemic sturgeons of the Amur River: kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 231–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krylova, V.D. (1999). Development of an universal methodology for morphological analysis of sturgeons (Acipenseridae). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 281–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuzmin, Ye. V. (1991) Comparative study of isozymes of muscle malate dehydrogenase of the Ob population of the Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri, and the Don and Kama sterlet Acipenser ruthenus. J. Ichthyol. 31(6), 139–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kynard, B. (1997) Life history, latitudinal patterns and status of the shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 319–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kynard, B., Horgan, M., Kieffer, M. and Seibel, D. (2000) Habitats used by shortnose sturgeon in two Massachussetts Rivers, with notes on estuarine Atlantic sturgeon: a hierarchical approach. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 129, 487–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagunova, V.S. (1999) The impact of the conditions in the Volga River on hybridization, abnormal development and reproduction rate of sturgeons (Acipenseridae). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 291.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaPatra, S.E., Ireland, S.C., Groff, J.M., Clamens, K.M. and Siple, J.T. (1999) Adaptive disease management strategies for the endangered population of Kootenai River white sturgeon. Fisheries 24, 6–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauder, G.V. and Liem, K.F. (1983) The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 150(3), 95–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lê , H.L.V., Lecointre, G. and Perasso, R. (1993) A 28S rRNA-based phylogeny of the Gnathostomes: first steps in the analysis of conflict and congruence with morphologically based cladograms. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2, 31–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lecointre, G. (1994) Aspects historiques et heuristiques de l'Ichtyologie systématique. Cybium 18(4), 339–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lelek, A. (1987) The Freshwater Fishes of Europe, Vol. 9. Threatened fishes of Europe. Wiesbaden, Aula-Verlag, pp. 43–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, A.V. (1995) Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedti Brandt stocking in the Volga Caspian Basin. Proc. Intern. Sturg. Symp. Moscow VNIRO, pp. 178–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, S.Z. (1965) Discussion on the ichthyofauna in Yellow River. Chinese J. Zool. 7, 217–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linhart, O. and Kudo, S. (1997) Surface ultrastructure of paddlefish eggs before and after fertilization. J. Fish Biol. 51, 573–582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Chenhan, Todd, A.G., Diao, Xiaomin and Liu, Jianhu (1995) Biology of the Chinese paddlefish, Psephurus gladius (Martens). Proc. Intern. Sturg. Symp. Moscow, VNIRO, pp. 13–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukyanenko, V.I., Vasilev, A.S., Lukyanenko, V.V. and Khabarov, M.V. (1999) On the increasing threat of extermination of the unique Caspian sturgeon populations and the urgent measures required to save them. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 99–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddison, W.P. (1997) Gene trees in species trees. Syst. Biol. 46, 523–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnin, E. (1962) Recherches sur la systématique et la biologie des Acipenseridés Acipenser sturio L., Acipenser oxyrinchus et Acipenser fulvescens. Ann. St. Centr. Hydrob. Appl. Paris 9, 7–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, W.T. Jr and Clugston, J.P. (1993) Foods of the Gulf Sturgeon in the Suwannee River, Florida. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 122, 378–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayden, R.D. and Kuhajda, B.R. (1996) Systematics, taxonomy and conservation status of the endangered Alabama sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus suttkusi Williams and Clemmer 1991 (Actinopterygii, Acipenseridae). Copeia 2, 241–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayden, R.D. and Kuhajda, B.R. (1997) Threatened fish of the world: Scaphirhynchus suttkusi Williams and Clemmer, 1991 (Acipenseridae). Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 418–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEnroe, M. and Cech, Jr J. (1985) Osmoregulation in juvenile and adult white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. Env. Biol. Fish. 14, 23–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milshteyn, V.V. (1969) 100th anniversary of sturgeon farming. J. Ichthyol. 9(2), 271–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mims, S.D., Clark, J.A. and Tidwell, J.H. (1991) Evaluation of three organic fertilizers for paddlefish production in nursery ponds. Aquaculture 99, 69–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mims, S.D., Georgi, T.A. and Liu, Chenhan (1993) The Chinese paddlefish, Psephurus gladius: biology, life history, and potential for cultivation. World Aquaculture 24, 46–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mims, D. and Shelton, L. (1999) Monosex culture of paddlefish and shovelnose sturgeon. Proc. Symp. on Harvest, Trade and Conservation of N.A. Paddlefish and sturgeon, pp. 42–51.

  • Moiseeva, E.B., Fedorov, S.I. and Parfenova, N.A. (1997) On the pathologies of the gonad structure in female sturgeons (Acipenseridae). J. Ichthyol. 37(8), 624–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyle, P.R., Foley, P.I. and Yoshiyama, R.M. (1994) Status and biology of the green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris. Sturg. Quart. 2, 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muratori, V. (1994) Il primo caviale italiano viene gia servito in tavola. Il Pesce 2, 31–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nevicky, O. and Meszaros, J. (1992) Induced of propagation of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L.). Proceed. Scien. Conf. Fish Reproduction Vodnany, Czeck Rep., pp. 33–34.

  • Nichols, J.T. (1943) The freshwater fishes of China. Natural History of Central Asia, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 9, 15–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novikova, A.S. (1994) Current status of natural reproduction of beluga, Huso huso, in the lower Volga River. J. Ichthyol. 34(1), 68–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okada, Y. (1959- 1960) Studies on the Freshwater Fishes of Japan. Prefectural University of Mie Tsu, Mie Prefecture, Japan, pp. 278–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paaver, R. (1999) Historic and recent records of native and exotic sturgeon species in Estonia. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 129–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsley, M., Beckman, L. and Mc Cabe, G. (1993) Spawning and rearing habitat use by white sturgeon in the Columbia River downstream from McNary dam. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 122, 217–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patriche, N., Pecheanu, C. and Mirea, D. (1999) Contribution to the artificial propagation and development in the first stages of Acipenser stellatus fry in mobile facilities on the Danube (Abstract). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. (1982a) Morphological characters and homology. In: Joysey, K.A. and Friday, A.E. (eds.), Problems of phylogenetic Reconstruction. Systematics Association Special Vol. 21, London and New York, Academic Press, pp. 21–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. (1982b) Morphology and interrelationships of primitive actinopterygian fishes. Amer. Zool. 22, 241–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, D.S. (1989) Structures assisting the migrating of nonsalmonid fish: USSR. FAO Fisheries Techn. Papers 308, 98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, D.S., Reshetnikov, Y.S., Shatunovsky, M.I. and Shilin, N.I. (1985) Rare and endangered fish species of the USSR and principles of their inclusion in the red Data Book. Voprosy Ikhtiologii 25: 16–25. (in Russian), English translation: J. Ichthyol. 25, 88–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, D.S., Savaitova, K.A., Sokolov, L.I. and Alekseev, S.S. (1994) Rare and endangered animals; fishes. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, 344 pp (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickford, G.E. (1955) Biological races of Caspian sturgeons. Syst. Zool. 4, 83–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polyaninova, A.A. and Molodtseva, A.I. (1995) The benthos sturgeon feeding relationship for the Caspian Sea. Proc. Intern. Sturg. Symp., Moscow, VNIRO, pp. 151–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polyaninova, A.A., Kashensteva, L.N., Malinovskaya, L.V., Molodtseva, A.I. and Smirnova, L.V. (1999). Feeding conditions for sturgeons (Acipenseridae) in the Caspian Sea. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 293–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raspopov, V.M. (1993) Age structure and population dynamics of the beluga, Huso huso, migrating into the Volga. J. Ichthyol. 33(3), 105–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raspopov, V.M., Veshchev, P.V. and Novikova, A.S. (1995) The relationship between sturgeon fecundity and reproduction in the Volga River. Proc. Intern. Sturg. Symp., Moscow, VNIRO, pp. 158–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed, B.C., Kelso, W.E. and Rutherfort, D.A. (1992) Growth, fecundity, and mortality of paddlefish in Louisiana. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 121, 378–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochard, E., Castelnaud, G. and Lepage, M. (1990) Sturgeons (Pisces Acipenseridae); threats and prospects. J. Fish Biol. 37, 123–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochard, E., Williot, P., Castelnaud, G. and Lepage, M. (1991) Elements de systématique et biologie des populations sauvages d'esturgeons. In:Williot, P. (ed.), Acipenser. Bordeaux, CEMAGREF, pp. 457–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochard, E., Lepage, M. and, Meauzé L. (1997) Identification et caractérisation de l'aire de répartition marine de l'esturgeon européen Acipenser sturio à partir de déclarations de captures. Aquat. Living Resour. 10, 101–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronyai, A. and Varadi, L. (1995) The sturgeons. In: Nash, C.E. and Novotny, A.J. (eds.), Reproduction of Aquatic Animals: Fishes. World Animal Sciences C8, Elsevier, pp. 95–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, H., Bronzi, P. and McKenzie, D. (1999) Highligths of the 3rd International Symposium on Sturgeon: Conclusions and Recommendations. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, R., Grandi, G., Trisolini, R., Franzoi, P., Dezfuli, B.S. and Veccietti, E. (1991) Osservazioni sulla biologica e la pesca dello storione cobice, Acipenser naccari Bonaparte nella parte terminale del fiumo Pô . Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 132, 121–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruban, G.I. (1989) Clinal variation of morphological characters in the Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baeri of the Lena basin. J. Ichthyol. 29(7), 48–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruban, G.I. (1997) Species structure contemporary distribution and status of the Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 221–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruban, G.I. (1998) On the species structure of the Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii Brandt (Acipenseridae). J. Ichthyol. 38(5), 345–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruban, G.I. and Akimova, N.V. (1991) Notes on the ecology of the Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii, in the Indigirka River. J. Ichthyol. 31(8), 118–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russel, D.F., Wilken, L.A. and Moss, F. (1999) Use of behaviourial stochastic resonance by paddlefish for feeding. Nature 402, 291–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryder, J. (1890) The sturgeons and the sturgeon industries of the eastern coast of the United States, with an account of the experiments bearing upon sturgeon culture. Bull. US. Fish Comm. 8, 230–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Pierre, R.A. (1999) Restoration of Atlantic sturgeon in the northeastern USA with special emphasis on culture and restocking. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 180–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarnecchia, D.L., Stewart, P.A. and Power, G.J. (1996) Age structure of the Yellowstone-Sakakawea Paddlefish stock, 1963-1993, in relation to reservoir history. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 125, 291–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seyler, J.C. (1999). Habitat utilisation by juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in a Northeastern Ontario Clay Belt River (abstract). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shagaeva, V.G., Nikol'skaya, M.P., Akimova, N.V., Markov, K.P. and Nikol'skaya, N.G. (1993) A study of the early ontogeny of Volga sturgeon (Acipenseridae) subjected to human activity. J. Ichthyol. 33(6), 23–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.I.J. (1985) The fisheries, biology, and management of Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus, in North America. Env. Biol. Fish. 14, 61–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.I.J. and Clugston, J.P. (1997) Status and management of Atlantic sturgeons, Acipenser oxyrinchus, in North America. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 335–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T.I.J., Heyward, L.D., Jenkins, W.E. and Collins, M.R. (1995) Culture and stock enhancement of shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum, in the Southern United States. Proc. Intern. Sturg. Symp., Moscow, VNIRO, pp. 204–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolov, L.I., Koshelev, B.V., Khalatyan, O.V., Ruban, G.I., Akimova, N.V. and Sokolova, E.L. (1986) Ecomorphological characteristics of Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri from the Aldan river. J. Ichthyol. 26(6), 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solovov, V.P. (1997) Present status of the population of Acipenser baeri in the upper reaches of the Ob. J. Ichthyol. 37(1), 41–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sulak, K.J. and Clugston, J.P. (1999) Recent advances in life history of Gulf of Mexico sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus de sotoi, in the Suwannee river, Florida, USA: a synopsis. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 116–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, T. (1979) Description of two acipenserid fishes Acipenser sinensis Gray and A. kikuchi Jordan and Snyder, recorded from Sagamy Bay. Ann. Rep. Keikuy Aburatsubo Marine Parc. Aq. 10, 20–25 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thuemler, R.F. (1997) Lake sturgeon management in the Menominee River, a Wisconsin-Michigan boundary water. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 311–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsepkin, Ye. A. and Sokolov, I. (1971) The maximum size and age of some sturgeons. J. Ichthyol. 11(3), 444–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsvetkova, L.I., Cosson, J., Linhart, O. and Billard, R. (1996) Motility and fertilizing capacity of fresh and frozen-thawed spermatozoa in sturgeons Acipenser baeri and A. ruthenus. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 12, 107–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsvetnenko, Yu. B. (1993) The effectiveness and genetic consequences of the introduction of the stellate sturgeon, Acipenser stellatus, into the Azov basin from the Caspian basin. J. Ichthyol. 33(9), 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • UICN (1996) UICN Red List of Threatened Animals UICN. Gland Switzerland 228 pp.

  • Van Eenennaam, A.L., Murray, E.D. and Medrano, J.P. (1999) Karyotype of American green sturgeon. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 128, 175–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasile, M., Vasilescu, G. and Pecheanu, C. (1998). Contribution to the elaboration of a rearing technology for Acipenser stellatus fry in fish ponds. '98, Galati, Romania, Mai 18- 22, 1998, pp. 231–232 (in Romanian with English summary).

  • Vecsei, P. and Peterson, D. (2000) Threatened fish of the world: Acipenser oxyrinchus Mitchill 1815. (Acipenseridae). Env. Biol. Fish. 59, 98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vedrasco, A., Lobchenko, V. and Billard, R. (2001) Introduction of the paddlefish Polyodon spathula in Europe (in French, English summary) Aquat. Living Resour. Submitted.

  • Vladykov, V.D. (1955) A comparison of the Atlantic sea sturgeon with a new subspecies from the Gulf of Mexico (Acipenser oxyrinchus de sotoi). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 12, 754–761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vladykov, V.D. and Greeley, J.R. (1963) Order Acipenseroidei. Fish of the western North Atlantic. Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale University, New Haven 1(3), 24–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Votinov, N.P. and Kasyanov, V.P. (1978) The ecology and reproductive efficiency of the Siberian sturgeon, Acipencer baeri, in the Ob as affected by hydraulic engineering works. J. Ichthyol. 18(1), 20–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrijenhoek, R.C. (1998) Conservation genetics of freshwater fish. J. Fish Biol. 53, 394–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei, Q., Ke, F., Zhang, J., Zhuang, P., Luo, J., Zhou, R. and Yang, W. (1997) Biology, fisheries, and conservation of sturgeons and paddlefish in China. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 241–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.E. and Clemmer, G.M.J. (1991) Scarphirhynchus suttkusi, a new sturgeon (Pisces: Acipenseridae) from theMobile Basin of Alabama andMississipi. Publ. Alab. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10, 17–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williot, P. (ed.) (1991) Acipenser. Bordeaux, CEMAGREF, 518 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williot, P., Bronzi, P. and Arlati, G. (1993) A very brief survey of status and prospects of freshwater sturgeon farming in Europe (EEC). In: Kestemont, P. and Billard, R. (eds.), Aquaculture of Freshwater Species (Except Salmonids). European Aquaculture Society, Ghent, Belgium, Special Publication 20, 32–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williot, P., Rochard, E., Castelnaud, G., Rouault, T., Brun, R., Lepage, M. and Elie, P. (1997) Biological characteristics of European Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, as the basis for a restoration program in France. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 359–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williot, P. and Brun, R. (1998) Ovarian development and cycles in cultured Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii. Aquat. Living Res. 11, 111–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirgin, I., Waldman, J.R., Rosko, J., Gross, R., Collins, M.R., Rodger, S.G. and Stabile, J. (2000) Genetic structure of Atlantic sturgeon population based on mitochondrial DNA control region sequence. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 129, 416–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirgin, I., Stabile, J.E. and Waldman, J.R. (1997) Molecular analysis in the conservation of sturgeons and paddlefish. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 385–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirth, M., Kirschbaum, F., Gessner, J., Krüger, A., Patriche, N., Billard, R. (2000) Chemical and biochemical composition of caviar from different sturgeon species and origins. Nahrung/Food 44, 233–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakharov, A.B., Krylova, V.D. and Osipova, T.S. (1998) Results and perspectives of introduction of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus from the Severnaya Dvina to the basin of Pechora River. J. Ichthyol. 38(9), 795–799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zholdasova, I. (1997) Sturgeons and the Aral Sea ecological catastrophe. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 373–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuang, P., Ke, F., Wei, G., He, X. and Cen, Y. (1997) Biology and life history of Dabry's sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, in the Yangtze River. Env. Biol. Fish. 48, 257–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuang, P. and Yi, J.F. (1999) Sturgeon and paddlefish aquaculture in China (Abstract). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuravleva, O.L. and Ivanova, L.I. (1999) Structural changes in the Russian sturgeon spawning stock under the regulated Volga flow (Abstract). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 15, 305.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Billard, R., Lecointre, G. Biology and conservation of sturgeon and paddlefish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 10, 355–392 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012231526151

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012231526151

Navigation