Abstract
Rheological properties of blood were studied in subjects with high physical activity (athletes). It was found that the whole blood viscosity decreased under conditions of relative rest. The use of the concept of hemorheological profiles made it possible to reveal different profiles in subjects exposed to different courses of training exercise. The relationship between the rheological properties of blood and the total work capacity in humans was established. The typical parameter of profiles in subjects with high physical activity was high erythrocyte deformability associated mainly with erythrocyte form and viscoelastic properties of its membrane.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Seleznev, S.A., Vashetina, S.M., and Mazurkevich, G.S., Kompleksnaya otsenka krovoobrashcheniya v eksperimental'noi patologii (Complex Estimation of Blood Circulation in Experimental Pathology), Leningrad, Meditsina, 1985.
Seleznev, S.A., Nazarenko, G.I., and Zaitsev, V.S., Klinicheskie aspekty mikrogemotsirkulyatsii (Clinical Aspects of Microhemocirculation), Leningrad, Meditsina, 1985.
Levtov, V.A., Regirer, S.A., and Shadrina, N.Kh., Reologiya krovi (Blood Rheology), Moscow, Meditsina, 1982.
Caro, C., Pedli, T., Shroter, R., and Sid, U., The Mechanics of the Circulation, Oxford: Oxford Univ., 1978. Translated under the title Mekhanika krovoobrashcheniya, Moscow, Mir, 1981.
Chmiel, H., Determination of Blood Rheological Parameters and Clinical Application, in Blood: Rheology, Hemolysis, Gas and Surface Interaction, Basel, Karger, 1979.
Gaiton, A., Fiziologiya krovoobrashcheniya. Minutnyi ob”em serdtsa i ego regulyatsiya (Physiology of Blood Circulation: Cardiac Output and Its Regulation), Moscow, Meditsina, 1969.
Gaehtgens, P., Physiological Relevance of RBC Aggregation the “Con” View, Biorheol., 1995, vol. 32, p. 105.
Stuart, J. and Nash, G.B., Red Cell Deformability and Hematological Disorders, Blood Rev., 1990, no. 4, p. 141.
Murav'ev, A.V. and Simakov, M.I., Complex Estimation of Blood Circulation during Muscular Activity, Teor. Prakt. Fiz. Kult., 1983, no. 10, p. 15.
Murav'ev, A.V. and Simakov, M.I., Rheological Properties of Blood in Athletes, Teor. Prakt. Fiz. Kult., 1988, no. 10, p. 41.
Vikulov, A.D., Rheological Properties of Blood in Athletes of Different Qualification, Teor. Prakt. Fiz. Kult., 1999, no. 1, p. 39.
Vikulov, A.D., Mel'nikov, A.A., and Osetrov, I.A., Erythrocyte Deformability in Athletes, Fiziol. Chel., 1999, vol. 25, no. 4, p. 136.
Brun, J.-F., Sekkat, M., Lagoueyte, C., et al., Relationships between Fitness and Blood Viscosity of Untrained Normal Short Children, Clin. Hemorheol., 1989, vol. 9, p. 953.
Brun, J.-F., Fons, C., Raynand, E., et al., Influence of Circulating Lactate of Blood Rheology during Exercise in Professional Football Players, Rev. Port. Hemorheol., 1991, vol. 5, p. 219.
Brun, J.-F., Monier, J.F., Charpiat, A., et al., Longitudinal Study of the Relationship between Red Cell Aggregation at Rest and the Lactate Response to Exercise after Training in Young Gymnasts, Clin. Hemorheol., 1995, vol. 15, p. 147.
Karpman, V.P. and Lyubina, B.G., Dinamika krovoobrashcheniya u sportsmenov (Dynamics of Blood Circulation in Athletes), Moscow, Fizk. Sport, 1982.
Makarova, G.A. and Loktev, S.A., Kartina krovi i funktsional'noe sostoyanie organizma sportsmenov (Blood Picture and Functional State of Athletes’ Bodies), Krasnodar, 1990.
Golovina, L.L., Krov’ i rabotosposobnost' (Blood and Work Capacity), Moscow, 1995.
Copley, A.L., Apparent Viscosity and Wall Adherence of Blood Systems, in Flow Properties of Blood and Other Biological Systems, London, Pergamon, 1960.
Aulik, I.V., Opredelenie fizicheskoi rabotosposobnosti v klinike i sporte (Determination of Physical Work Capacity in Clinic and Sports), Moscow: Meditsina, 1990.
Karpman, V.L., Belotserkovskii, Z.B., and Gudkov, I.A., Issledovanie fizicheskoi rabotosposobnosti sportsmenov (Analysis of Physical Work Capacity in Athletes), Moscow, Fizk. Sport, 1974.
Gol'dberg, D.I. and Levina, G.D., Diametr eritrotsitov v norme i patologii (Normal and Pathological Erythrocyte Diameter), Tomsk, 1969.
Zakharova, I.B., Methods of Studying Erythrocyte Deformability (Review), Lab. Delo, 1983, no. 9, p. 3.
Dintenfass, L., Thixopropy of Blood and Proneness to Thrombosis Formation, Circul. Res., 1962, vol. 11, p. 233.
Katyukhin, L.N., Rheological Properties of Red Blood Cells: Modern Research Methods, Fiziol. Zh. im. I.M. Sechenova, 1995, vol. 81, no. 6, p. 122.
Dintenfass, L., Red Cell Rigidity, “Tk”, and Filtration, Clin. Hemorheol., 1985, no. 5, p. 241.
Vikulov, A.D., The Basics of Changes in Rheological Properties of Blood in Humans and Animals during Prolonged Adaptation to Muscular Exercise, Doctoral (Biol.) Dissertation, Moscow, 1997.
Kozlov, V.I. and Tupitsin, I.O., Mikrotsirkulyatsiya pri myshechnoi deyatel'nosti (Microcirculation during Muscular Activity), Moscow, Fizk. Sport, 1982.
Suloev, E.P., The Changes in Rheological Properties of Blood, Transcapillary Exchange, Gas Composition, and the Acid-Base State of Blood during Adaptation to Muscular Exercise, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Yaroslavl, 1995.
Vikulov, A.D., Dynamics of Rheological Properties of Blood during Quick and Prolonged Adaptation to Muscular Exercise, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Yaroslavl, 1985.
Martins, E. and Silva, J., Blood Rheological Adaptation to Physical Exercise, Rev. Port. Hemorheol., 1988, vol. 2, p. 63.
Ernst, E. and Matrai, A., Blood Rheology in Athletes, J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 1985, vol. 25, no. 4, p. 207.
Stoltz, J. and Donner, M., Red Blood Cell Aggregation: Measurement and Clinical Applications, Turk. J. Med. Sci., 1991, vol. 15, p. 26.
Chien, S., Rheology of Sickle Cells and Erythrocyte Content, Blood Cells, 1977, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 283.
Folkov, B. and Nil, E., Krovoobrashchenie (Blood Circulation), Moscow, Meditsina, 1976.
Singer, S., Nicolson, G., The Fluid Mosaic Model of the Structure of Cell Membranes, Science, 1972, vol. 175, p. 720.
Boldyrev, A.A., Biologicheskie membrany i transport ionov. Uchebnoe posobie (Biological Membranes and Ion Transport: Handbook), Moscow, Mosk. Gos. Univ., 1985.
Evans, E. and Scalak, R., Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Biomembrane, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1980.
Chien, S. and Sung, L., Molecular Basis of Red Cell Membrane Rheology, Biorheol., 1990, vol. 27, p. 327.
Evans, E. and Needham, D., Physical Properties of Surfactant Bilauer Membranes: Thermal Transitions, Elasticity, Rigidity, Cohesion, and Colloidal Interactions, S. Physiol. Chem., 1987, vol. 91, p. 4219.
Tolkacheva, N.V., Levachev, M.M., Lupinovich, V.L., and Nikolenko, O.V., Lipid Composition of Erythrocyte Membranes and Blood Plasma in Athletes, Fiziol. Chel., 1992, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 104.
Popichev, M.I., Konoshenko, S.V., and Tolkacheva, N.V., Hemoglobin Affinity for Oxygen and the State of Erythrocyte Metabolism in Athletes during Intense Muscular Work, Fiziol. Chel., 1997, vol. 23, no. 5, p. 138.
Storozhok, S.A., Sannikov, A.G., and Zakharov, Yu.M., Molekulyarnaya struktura membran eritrocytov i ikh mekhanicheskie svoistva (Molecular Structure of Erythrocyte Membranes and Their Mechanical Properties), Tyumen, Tyumensk. Gos. Univ., 1997.
Kreps, E.M., Lipidy kletochnykh membran. Adaptatsionnaya funktsiya lipidov (Cellular Membrane Lipids: Adaptation Function of Lipids), Leningrad, 1981.
Lopukhin, Yu.M., Archakov, A.I., Vladimirov, Yu.A., and Kogan, E.M., Kholesterinoz (kholesterin membran, teoreticheskie i klinicheskie aspekty) (Cholesterosis (Membrane Cholesterol, Theoretical and Clinical Aspects)), Moscow, Meditsina, 1983.
Osetrov, I.A., Vikulov, A.D., Baranov, A.A., and Mel'nikov A.A., Na,K-ATPase Activity and Erythrocyte Deformability in Subjects with High Physical Activity, Tezisy dokladov 2-i mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii po mikrotsirkulyatsii i gemoreologii (Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Microcirculation and Hemorheology), Yaroslavl, 1999.
Boldyrev, A.A., The Role of Lipids in Functioning of Na, K-activated ATPase, Biol. Nauki, 1979, no. 3, p. 5.
Zakharova, N.B., Khvostova, N.V., and Shvedova, R.F., The Importance of Impairment of Protein and Lipid Composition of Erythrocyte Membranes for Reducing Fluidity Properties of Blood under Extreme Conditions, Vopr. Med. Khim., 1991, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 53.
Panasenko, O.M., Vol'nova, T.M., Azizova, O.A., and Vladimirov, Yu. A., Lipid Peroxidation as a Factor Providing Cholesterol Accumulation in Cells in Case of Atherogenesis, Byull. Eksp. Biol. Med., 1989, vol. 106, no. 9, p. 277.
Syurin, A.A., Kulagin, Yu.I., and Kuznetsov, N.S., Lipid Peroxidation of Cell Membranes and Na,K-ATPase Function in Hypertonics, Krovoobrashchenie, 1989, vol. 22, no. 6, p. 55.
Vel'tishchev, Yu.E., Yur'eva, E.A., and Vozdvizhenskaya, E.S., Biologically Active Metabolites of Membrane Glycerophospholipids, Vopr. Med. Khim., 1987, vol. 33, no. 2, p. 3.
Lapotnikov, V.A. and Moiseev, S.I., Microcirculatory Homeostasis and Blood Rheology in Case of Peripheral and Coronary Atherosclerosis, Vrach. Delo, 1988, no. 4, p. 60.
Rosenson, R., McCormick, A., and Uretz, E., Distribution of Blood Viscosity Values and Biochemical Correlates in Healthy Adults, Clin. Chem., 1996, vol. 42, no. 8, p. 1189.
Boldina, V.I., Dynamics of Water Balance of Blood during Quick and Prolonged Adaptation to Muscular Exercise, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Moscow, 1993.
Smirnov, I.Yu., Dynamics of Rheological Properties of Blood during Laser Reflexotherapy Followed by Muscular Exercise, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Yaroslavl, 1995.
Kozhukhova, V.K., Rheological Properties of Blood during Adaptation and Disadaptation to Muscular Exercise of Different Strength and Duration, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Yaroslavl, 1996.
Murav'ev A.V., Simakov, M.I., and Zaitsev, L.G., Some Hemorheological Mechanisms of Athlete's Organism Adaptation to Muscular Exercise, Fiziol. Chel., 1990, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 63.
Vikulov, A.D. and Mel'nikov, A.A., Erythrocyte Deformability as a Key Parameter of Changes in Rheological Properties of Blood during Prolonged Adaptation Of the Human Organism to Systemic Muscular Exercise, Mater. mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii po mikrotsirkulyatsii (Proc. Int. Conf. on Microcirculation), Yaroslavl, 1997, p. 167.
Reinhart, W.G. and Chien, S., The Time Course of the Filtration Test as a Model for Microcircular Plugging by White Cells and Hardened Red Cells, Microvasc. Res., 1987, vol. 34, no. 1, p. 1.
Nakache, M., Caprany, A., Dimicoli, S., and Massonet, S., Relationship between Deformability of Red Blood Cells and Oxygen Transfer, Clin. Hemorheol., 1983, vol. 3, p. 177.
Shiga, T., Maeda, N., and Kon, K., Dependence of Oxygen Release on Shear-Induced Red Cell Deformation, in Progress in Microcirculation Research, Courtice, F. et al., Eds., Keisington, 1984.
Schmid-Schonbein, H. and Gaehtgens, P., What is Red Cell Deformability?, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 1981, vol. 41, no. 156, p. 13.
Bohler, T., Wagner, S., Seiberth, V., et al., Blood Rheology and Retinopathy in Premature Infants with Very Low Birth Weight, Clin. Hemorheol., 1995, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 305.
Hochmuth, R.M., Marple, R.N., and Sutera, S.P., Capillary Blood Flow. 1. Erythrocyte Deformation in Glass Capillaries, Microvasc. Res., 1970, vol. 2, p. 409.
Evans, E., Mochandas, N., and Asung, A., Static and Dynamic Rigidities of Normal and Sickle Erythrocytes: Major Influence of Cell Hemoglobin Concentration, J. Clin. Invest., 1984, vol. 73, no. 2, p. 477.
Secomb, T.W. and Hsu, R., A Model for Red Blood Cell Motion and Blood Flow Resistance in Nonuniform Capillaries, Int. J. Microcirc. Clin. Exper., 1996, s. 1, vol. 16, p. 140.
Ivanov, K.P., Progress and Theoretical Arguments in Research on Microcirculation, Fiziol. Zh. im. I.M. Sechenova, 1995, vol. 81, no. 6, p. 1.
Nakache, M., Caprany, A., Dimicoli, S., and Massonet, S., Relationship between Deformability of Red Blood Cells and Oxygen Transfer, Clin. Hemorheol., 1983, vol. 3, p. 177.
Galenok, V.A., Gostinskaya, E.V., and Dikker, V.E., Gemoreologiya pri narusheniyakh uglevodnogo obmena (Hemorheology in Case of Impaired Carbohydrate Exchange), Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1987.
Burton, A.S., Role of Geometry, Size, and Form of the Erythrocyte in the Microcirculation, Fed. Prog., 1988, vol. 25, p. 1753.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vikulov, A.D., Mel'nikov, A.A. & Osetrov, I.A. Rheological Properties of Blood in Athletes. Human Physiology 27, 618–625 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011928814846
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011928814846