Abstract
Sulfur transport and deposition in Asia, on an annual andseasonal basis, is analyzed using the ATMOS model. Calculationsare performed for two complete years (1990 and 1995). Deposition amounts in excess of 0.5 g S m-2 yr-1 are estimated for large regions in Asia, with values as high as 10 g S m-2 yr-1 in southeastern China. Annual averaged SO2 concentrations in excess of 20 μg SO2 m-3 are calculated for many urban and suburban areas ofeastern China and S. Korea, with an average of 5 μg SO2 m-3 over most of the emitter regions. Sulfur deposition by major source categories is also studied. Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore)receives ∼25% of its sulfur deposition from shipping activities. Sulfur deposition from bio-fuel burning is significant for most of the underdeveloped regions in Asia. Volcanoes are a major source of sulfur emissions in the PacificOcean, Papua New Guinea, Philippines and Southern Japan. Sulfur deposition is shown to vary significantly throughout the year.The monsoons are found to be the largest factor controlling sulfur transport and deposition in the Indian sub-continent andSoutheast Asia. India receives over 35% of its total depositionduring the summer months. In East Asia, sulfur deposition isestimated to be 10% higher during summer and fall than winterand spring. Model results are compared with observations from a number of monitoring networks in Asia and are found to be generally consistent with the limited observations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akimoto, H. and Narita, H.: 1994, Atmos. Env. 28, 213.
Arndt, R. L.: 1997, ‘The Role of Sulfur Emissions in Asia's Environmental Change: Analysis on a Regional and Urban Scale’, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, U.S.A., 167 pp.
Arndt, R. L., Carmichael, G. R., Streets, D. G. and Bhatti, N.: 1997, Atmos. Env. 31, 1553.
Arndt, R. L., Carmichael, G. R. and Roorda, J. M.: 1998, Atmos. Env. 32, 1397.
Bai, N., Lui, N. and Wang, X.: 1997, ‘About acid rain in China’, Proceeding of the 3rd Joint Seminar on the Regional Deposition Processes in the Atmosphere, Nara, Japan, 5–7 November 1997, pp. 149–158.
BMG, Bureau of Meteorology and Geophysics, Republic of Indonesia: 1995, ‘Annual Summary of Air Pollution Observations'.
Calori, G. and Carmichael, G. R.: 1999, Atmos. Env. 33, 3109.
Carmichael, G. R. and Arndt, R. L.: 1995a, ‘ATMOSModule-Long Range Transport and Deposition of Sulfur in Asia’, in W. Foell, M. Amman, G. Carmichael, M. Chadwick, J. Hettelingh, L. Hordicjk and Z. Dianwu (eds.), RAINS ASIA: An Assessment Model for Acid Rain in Asia, The World Bank, Washington, DC, U.S.A., pp. V-1-V-58.
Carmichael, G. R., Ferm, M., Adikary, S., Ahmad, J., Mohan, M., Hong, M. S., Chen, L., Fook, L., Liu, C. M., Soedomo, M., Tran, G., Suksomsank, K., Zhao, D., Arndt, R. and Chen, L. L.: 1995b, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 85, 2289.
CRIEPI: 1992, ‘Data Report of CRIEPI Acidic Deposition Project, 1987–1900’, Central Research Institute of Electrical Power Industry Report, Tokyo, Japan, Report #T91019.
CRIEPI.: 1994, ‘Acidic Deposition in East Asia-International Workshop on Acidic Deposition in East Asia’, Central Research Institute of Electrical Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan, Report #ET93002, 79 pp.
Foell, W., Green, C., Amann, M., Bhattacharya, S., Carmichael, G., Chadwick, M., Cinderby, S., Haugland, T., Hettelingh, J.-P., Hordijk, L., Kuylenstierna, J., Shah, J., Sherestha, R., Streets, D.and Zhao, D.: 1995, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 85, 2277.
Fujita, S.: 1992, ‘Acid Deposition in Japan’, Central Research Institute of Electrical Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan, Report #ET91005.
Ichikawa, Y. and Fujita, S.: 1995, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 85, 1927.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K.C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetma, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R. and Joseph, D.: 1996, Bulletin of American Meteorological Society 77, 437.
Malaysian Meteorological Services: 1994, ‘Annual Summary of Air Pollution Observations'.
Murano, K.: 1994, ‘Activity of JEA for East Asian Acid Precipitation Monitoring Network’, Proceeding of the Workshop on Acid Rain Monitoring Network in South, East, and Southeast Asia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 17–19 May 1994.
Nakicenovic, N., Grubler, A. and McDonald, A. (eds.): 1998, Global Energy Perspectives, Cambridge University Press’, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 299 pp.
Sharma, M., McBean, E. A. and Ghosh, U.: 1995, Atmos. Env. 29, 2157.
Shrestha, R.M. and Bhattacharya, S. C.: 1991, ‘Coal Use in Electricity Generation in Asia and Emission Control Options’, Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference on Acid Rain and Emissions in Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, 18–21 November 1991, pp. 108–120.
Spiro, P. A., Jacob, D. J. and Logan, J. A.: 1992, J. of Geo. Res. 97, 6023.
Streets, D., Amann, M., Bhatti, N., Cofala, J. and Green, C.: 1995, ‘Emissions and Control’, in W. Foell, M. Amman, G. Carmichael, M. Chadwick, J. Hettelingh, L. Hordicjk, and Z. Dianwu (eds.), RAINS ASIA: An Assessment Model for Acid Rain in Asia, The World Bank, Washington, DC, U.S.A., pp. IV-1-IV-40.
Streets, D., Carmichael, G. R. and Arndt, R. L.: 1997, Atmos. Env. 31, 1573–1582.
Streets, D. G. and Waldhoff, S. T.: 1998, Energy 23, 1029.
Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., Amann, M. and Arndt, R. L.: 1999, Ambio 28, 135.
Streets, D. G., Guttikunda, S. K. and Carmichael, G. R.: 2000, Atmos. Env. 34, 4425.
Whelpdale, D. M. and Kaiser, M. S. (eds.): 1996, Global Acid Deposition Assessment, World Meteorological Organization, Global Atmospheric Watch, Report #106, 241 pp.
Xu, Y. and Carmichael, G. R.: 1998, J. of Applied Met. 37, 1084–1099.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guttikunda, S.K., Thongboonchoo, N., Arndt, R.L. et al. Sulfur Deposition in Asia: Seasonal Behavior and Contributions from Various Energy Sectors. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 131, 383–406 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011912902825
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011912902825