Abstract
Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the agingprocess in aerobic organisms and to play a role in thepathogenesis of several disease states. Since free radicals areextremely reactive, shortly half-lived and therefore verydifficult to measure directly, oxidative stress has been mainlystudied through the search of indirect biomarkers of freeradical-induced damage. In aerobic organisms, oxidative damage totissues and organs is prevented by a network of defenses whichincludes antioxidant and repairing enzymes as well as smallmolecules with scavenging ability, such as antioxidant vitamins.For these reasons, the assay of antioxidant vitamins and of smallmolecular free radical scavengers in biological milieus may beused, if appropriately performed, to quantify the defense statusagainst oxidative damage and to provide an indirect estimate offree radical production in aging humans. Since severalconflicting data have been reported in this area, this review isaimed to summarize the existing evidence and possible faults ofthe research focusing on the role of plasma concentrations ofsmall-molecular, non-enzymatic antioxidants in the process ofsenescence in healthy humans.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ashok BT andAli R (1999) The aging paradox: the free radical theory of aging. Exp Gerontol 34: 293–303
Beckman KB andAmes BN (1998) The free radical theory of aging matures. Phys Rev 78: 547–581
Berger T,Polidori MC,Morrow J,Evans P,Halliwell B andFrei B (1997) Antioxidant activity of vitamin C in iron-overloaded human plasma. J Biol Chem 272: 15656–15660
Bunker VW (1992) Free radicals, antioxidants and ageing. Med Lab Sci 49: 299–312
Campbell D,Bunker VW,Thomas AJ andClayton BE (1989) Selenium and vitamin E status of healthy and institutionalized elderly subjects: analysis of plasma, erythrocytes and platelets. Br J Nutr 62: 221–227
Cao G,Booth SL,Sadowski J andPrior RL (1998a) Increases in human plasma antioxidant capacity after consumption of controlled diets high in fruit and vegetables. Am J Clin Nutr 68: 1081–1087
Cao G,Russel RM,Lischner N andPrior RL (1998b) Serum antioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawberries, spinach, red wine or vitamin C in elderly women. J Nutr 128: 2383–2390
Carr A andFrei B (1999) Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 69: 1086–110
Coudray C,Roussel AM,Mainard F,Arnaud J andFavier A (1997) Lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant micronutrient status in a pre-aging population; correlation with chronic disease prevalence in a French epidemiological study (Nantes, France). J Am Coll Nutr 16: 584–591
Diplock AT,Charleux JL,Crozier-Willi G,Kok FJ,Rice-Evans C,Roberfroid M,Stahl W andViña-Ribes J (1998) Functional food science and defence against reactive oxygen species. Br J Nutr 80(Suppl 1): S77-S112
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (1998) Dietary Reference Intakes. National Academic Press, Washington, DC
Ford AB,Haug MR,Roy AW,Jones PK andFolmar SJ (1992) New cohorts of urban elders: are they in trouble? J Gerontol 47: S297-S303
Freeman VL,Meydani M,Yong S,Pyle J,Wan Y,Arvizu-Durazo R andLiao Y (2000) Prostatic levels of tocopherols, carotenoids, and retinol in relation to plasma levels and self-reported usual dietary intake. Am J Epidemiol 151: 109–118
Frei B,England L andAmes BN (1989) Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 6377–6381
Garry PJ,Goodwinn JS,Hunt WC andGilbert BA (1982) Nutritional status in a healthy elderly population: vitamin C. Am J Clin Nutr 36: 332–339
Gruber RP andKalamas AD (2000) Measuring human age by estimating lifetime caloric consumption. Gerontology 46: 44–46
Hack V,Breitkreutz R,Kinscherf R,Röhrer H,Bärtsch P,Taut F,Benner A andDröge W (1998) The redox state as a correlate of senescence and wasting and as a target of therapuetic intervention. Blood 92: 59–67
Haller J,Weggemans RM,Lammi-Keefe CJ andFerry M (1996) Changes in the vitamin status of elderly Europeans: plasma vitamins A, E, B-6, B-12, folic acid and carotenoids. SENECA Investigators. Eur J Clin Nutr 50: S32-S46
Halliwell B (1990) How to characterize a biological antioxidant. Free Rad Res Comm 9: 1
Han SN andMeydani SN (1999) Vitamin E and infectious diseases in the aged. Proc Nutr Soc 58: 697–705
Harman D (1998) Extending functional life span. Exp Gerontol 33: 95–112
Jazwinski SM (1998) Genetics of longevity. Exp Gerontol 33: 773–783
Kelleher J andLosowski MS (1978) Vitamin E in the elderly. In: de Duve C andHayaishi O (eds) Tocopherol, Oxygen and Biomembranes, pp 311–327. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kirkwood TB andKowald A (1997) Network theory of aging. Exp Gerontol 32: 395–399
Lightart GJ,Corberand JX,Fournier C,Galanaud P,Hijmans W,Kennes B,Müller-Hermelink HK andSteinmann GG (1984) Admission criteria for immunogerontological studies in man: the Senieur Protocol. Mech Ageing Dev 28: 47–55
Martin A,Janigian D,Shukitt-Hale B,Prior RL andJoseph J (1999) Effect of vitamin E intake on levels of vitamins E and C in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues: implications for health reccomendations. Brain Res 845: 50–59
Mecocci P,Polidori MC,Troiano L,Cherubini A,Cecchetti R,Pini G,Straatman M,Monti D,Stahl W,Sies H,Franceschi C andSenin U (2000) Plasma antioxidants and longevity: a study on healthy centenarians. Free Radic Biol Med 28: 1243–1248
Mezzetti A,Lapenna D,Romano F,Costantini F,Pierdomenico SD,De Cesare D,Cuccurullo F,Riario-Sforza G,Zuliani G,Fellin R and Associazione Medica Sabin (1996) Systemic oxidative stress and its relationship with age and illness. J Am Geriatr Soc 44: 823–827
Morgan DB,Newton HM,Schorah CJ,Jewitt MA,Hancock MR andHullin RP (1986) Abnormal indices of nutrition in the elderly: a study of different clinical groups. Age Ageing 15: 65–76
Morinobu T,Tamai H,Tanabe T,Murata T,Manago M,Mino M andHirahara F (1994) Plasma alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and retinol levels in the institutionalized elderly individuals and in young adults. Int J Vit Nutr Res 64: 104–108
Palli D,Decarli A,Russo A,Cipriani F,Giacosa A,Amadori D,Salkeld R,Salvini S andBuiatti E (1999) Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins and cholesterol in a large population sample in central-northern Italy. Eur J Nutr 38: 90–98
Panemangalore M andLee CJ (1992) Evaluation of the indices of retinol and alpha-tocopherol status in free-living elderly. Gerontology 47: B98-B104
Pinzani P,Petruzzi E,Orlando C,Stefanescu A,Antonini MF,Serio Mand Pazzagli M (1997) Reduced serum antioxidant capacity in healthy centenarians. Clin Chem 43: 855–856
Paiva SAR,Yeum KJ,Cao G,Prior RL andRussell RM (1998) Postprandial plasma carotenoid responses following consumption of strawberries, red wine, vitamin C or spinach by elderly women. J Nutr 128: 2391–2394
Paolisso G,Tagliamonte MR,Rizzo MR,Manzella D,Gambardella A andVarricchio M (1998) Oxidative stress and advancing age: results in healthy centenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc 46: 833–838
Polidori MC,Stahl W,Eichler O,Niestroj I andSies H (2001) Profiles of antioxidants in human plasma. Free Radic Biol Med 30: 456–462
Polidori MC,Mecocci P,Stahl W,Parente B,Cecchetti R,Cherubini A,Cao P,Sies H andSenin U (2000) Plasma levels of lipophilic antioxidants in very old patients with non insulin-dependent diabetes. Diab Met Res Rev 16: 15–19
Polidori MC,Mecocci P,Cecchetti R,Cherubini A,Cappellini A,Cao P,Sies H andSenin U (1999) Plasma antioxidant status in elderly subjects with congestive heart failure and type 2 diabetes. In: Zeitschrift für Gerontologie un Geriatrie 32: 124. IV European Congress of Gerontology, 7–11 July 1999, Berlin, Germany, Steinkopff, Darmstadt
Polidori MC,Mecocci P,Reimann A,Cecchetti R,Briviba K,Stahl W,Sies H andSenin U (1999) Plasma lipid peroxidation and vitamin C status in healthy elderly centenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc 47: 1038–1039
Powers JS,Folk MC,Burger C,Wilson P,Stocking BJ andCollins J (1989) Assessment of nutritional status in non-institutionalized elderly. South Med J 82: 990–994
Ravaglia G,Forti P,Maioli F,Bastagli L,Facchini A,Mariani E,Savarino L,Sassi S,Cucinotta D andLenaz G (2000) Effect of micronutrient status on natural killer cell immune function in healthy free-living subjects aged _90 y. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 590–598
Richard MJ andRoussel AM (1999) Micronutrients and ageing: intakes and requirements. Proc Nutr Soc 58: 573–578
Rowe JW,Kahn RL (1987) Human aging: usual and successful. Science 237: 143–149
Saletti A,Lindgren EY,Johansson L andCederholm T (2000) Nutritional status according to Mini Nutritional Assessment in an institutionalized elderly population in Sweden. Gerontology 46: 1339–1345
Sastre J,Pallardó FV,de la Asunción GJ andViña J (2000) Mitochondria, oxidative stress and aging. Free Rad Res 32: 189–198
Sies H (1985) Oxidative stress: introductory remarks. In: Sies H (ed) Oxidative Stress, pp 1–12. Academic Press, London
Sies H (1999) What is oxidative stress? In: Keaney JF Jr (ed) Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease, pp 1–8. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston
Simonoff M,Sergeant C,Garnier N,Moretto P,Llabrador Y,Simonoff G andConri C (1992) Antioxidant status (selenium, vitamins A and E) and aging. EXS 62: 368–397
Snowdon DA,Gross MD andButler SM (1996) Antioxidants and reduced functional capacity in the elderly: findings from the Nun Study. J Gerontol Med Sci 51A: M10-M16
Vanderjagt DJ,Garry PJ andBhagavan HN (1987) Ascorbic acid intake and plasma levels in healthy elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr 46: 290–294
van der Wielen RPJ,de Wild GM,de Groot LCPGM,Hoefnagels WHL andvan Staveren WA (1996) Dietary intakes of energy and water-soluble vitamins in different categories of aging. J Gerontol Biol Sci 51A: B100-B107
Vatassery GT,Johnson JT andKrezowski AM (1983) Changes in vitamin E concentrations in human plasma and platelets with age. Am J Coll Nutr 4: 369–375
Vogel S,Contois JH,Tucker KL,Wilson PWF,Schaefer EJ andLammi-Keefe CJ (1997) Plasma retinol and plasma and lipoprotein tocopherol and carotenoid concentrations in healthy elderly participants of the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 66: 950–958
Wang I,Ichiba M,Oishi H,Iyadomi M,Shono N andTomokumi K (1997) Relationship between plasma concentrations of betacarotene and alpha-tocopherol and life-style factors and levels of DNA adducts in lymphocytes. Nutr Cancer 27: 69–73
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Polidori, M.C., Cherubini, A., Senin, U. et al. Peripheral non-enzymatic antioxidant changes with human aging: A selective status report. Biogerontology 2, 99–104 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011593319127
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011593319127