Skip to main content
Log in

Review essay Want not, waste not: The environmental impact of two generations of WMD proliferation and the implications for Asia

  • Published:
Crime, Law and Social Change Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Over the past fifty years the development and testing of weapons ofmass destruction (WMD) have caused tremendous environmental, healthand social damage to various parts of the planet. Six books dealingwith various aspects of WMD are reviewed here, with the goal ofbroader conclusions about the relationships between political systems,culture, and environment. The requirements of local culture havestrongly influenced decisions to acquire WMD, and the manners inwhich these weapons have been developed, tested and used. The FormerSoviet Union is highlighted, since in that closed society WMD development and testing have been especially devastating. Statesconsidering WMD must be made aware of the true costs, andnon-proliferation thinking must therefore include deep sensitivity tonot only political decision-making, but local culture. Suggestionsare offered about how an ``anthropology of WMD'' might contribute tonon-proliferation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adeola, F.O., “Environmental Contamination, Public Hygiene, and Human Health Concerns in the Third World: The Case of Nigerian Environmentalism, ” Environment & Behavior 1996 (28:5), 614–646.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, S., “Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program, ” International Security 1999 (23:4), 178–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alibek, K. and S. Handelman, Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World-Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran It (New York: Random House, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baca, T.E. and T. Florkowski (eds.), The Environmental Challenges of Nuclear Disarmament, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Cracow, Poland, 9-13 November 1998, NATO Science Partnership Sub-Series 1: Disarmament Technologies Volume 29 (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Badash, L., Scientists and the Development of Nuclear Weapons: From Fission to the Limited Test Ban Treaty, 1939-1963 (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boreiko, V., “Censorship of Environmental Publications, ” Environmental Policy Review 1994 (8:2), 20–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozheyeva, G., Y. Kunakbayev, et al. (eds.), Former Soviet Biological Weapons Facilities in Kazakhstan: Past, Present, and Future. Occasional Paper No. 2 (Monterey: Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkhardt, J., “Scientific Values and Moral Education in the Teaching of Science, ” Perspectives on Science 1999 (7:1), 87–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carneiro, R.L., “The Circumscription Theory, ” American Behavioral Scientist 1988 (31), 497–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, T.B., R.S. Norris et al., Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yeltsin (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Corral-Verdugo, V. and L.I. Armendariz, “The ‘New Environmental Paradigm’ in a Mexican Community, ” Journal of Environmental Education 2000 (31:3), 25–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalbenko, G.D. and D.D. Dalbenko, “Environmental Security: Issues of Conflict and Redefinition, ” Environmental Change and Security Project Report 1995 (1), 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R., Controlling Nuclear Weapons, Democracy versus Guardianship (Syracuse: Syracause University Press, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Datan, M., “Israel Debates Nuclear Weapons. ” Disarmament Diplomacy 2000 (43), 6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardaleben,., Environment and Marxism-Leninism (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Desch, M.C., “Culture Clash: Assessing the Importance of Ideas in Security Studies. ” International Security 1998 (23:1), 141–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deudney, D.H. and R.A. Matthew (eds.), Contested Ground, Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, M., How Institutions Think (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, R. and K. Van Liere, “The New Environmental Paradigm” Journal of Envionmental Education 1978 (9), 10–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feshbach, M., Ecological Disaster: Cleaning Up the Hidden Legacy of the Soviet Regime (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Florini, A.M. and P.J. Simmons, The New Security Thinking: A Review of the North American Literature (New York: Rockefeller Brothers Fund, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Foltz, R., “Is There an Islamic Environmentalism?” Environmental Ethics 2000 (22:1), 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilpin, R., American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, M.I., The Spoils of Progress: Environmental Pollution in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gooch, G.D., “Environmental Beliefs and Attitudes in Sweden and the Baltic States, ” Environment and Behavior 1995 (27), 513–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guruswamy, L. and J.B. Aamodt, “Nuclear Arms Control: The Environmental Dimension, ” Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 1999 (10), 267–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gusterson, H., Nuclear Rites: a Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacker, B.C., Elements of Controversy: the Atomic Energy Commission and Radiation Safety in Nuclear Weapons Testing, 1947-1974 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajjar, S.G., “Regional Perspectives on the Causes of Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East, ” Comparative Strategy 2000 (19:1), 35–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamza, K., with J. Stein, Saddam's Bombmaker, The Terrifying Inside Story of the Iraqi Nuclear and Biological Weapons Agenda (New York: Scribner, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haselkorn, A., The Continuing Storm: Iraq, Poisonous Weapons, and Deterrence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Herken, G., Cardinal Choices: Presidential Science Advising from the Atomic Bomb to SDI, revised edition, (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hevly, B. and J.M. Findlay (eds.), The Atomic West (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, D., Stalin and the Bomb: the Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Homer-Dixon, T.F., “Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict, ” International Security 1994 (19:1), 5–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homer-Dixon, T.F., Environment, Scarcity, and Violence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Joffe, A.H., “The Environmental Legacy of Saddam Husayn: The Archaeology of Totalitarianism in Iraq, ” Crime, Law, and Social Change 2000 (33:4), 313–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joffe, A.H., “Environmental Security and the Consequences of WMD Production: An Emerging International Issue, ” Disarmament Diplomacy 2001 (54): 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzenstein, P.J. (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Komarov, B.Z., The Geography of Survival: Ecology in the Post-Soviet Era (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuper, A., Culture: The Anthropologists' Account (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurth, J., “Inside the Cave, The Banality of I.R. Studies, ” The National Interest 1998 (53:Fall 1998), 29–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwawe, D.B., “Culture ofWaste Handling, ” Journal of Asian & African Studies 1995 (30:1-2), 53–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavoy, P.R., S.D. Sagan et al. (eds.), Planning the Unthinkable: How New Powers Will Use Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, M.A., “Is the Environment a National Security Issue?, ” International Security 1995 (20:2), 35–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markusen, A., P. Hall et al., The Rise of the Gunbelt: The Military Remapping of Industrial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, J.T., “Redefining Security, ” Foreign Affairs 1989 (68), 162–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mongin, D., La bombe atomique française, 1945-1958 (Paris: L.G.D.J., 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, J.D., Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans, (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nizamani, H.K., The Roots of Rhetoric: Politics of Nuclear Weapons in India and Pakistan (New York: Praeger, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasic, A., Culture, Identity, and Security: An Overview (New York: Rockefeller Brothers Fund, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkovich, G., India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, D.J., Troubled Lands, The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, J.C., N.P. Lovrich Jr. et al., “Culture, Politics and Mass Publics: Traditional and Modern Supporters of the New Environmental Paradigm in Japan and the United States, ” Journal of Politics 1987 (49:1), 54–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, R. and N. Tannenwald, “Norms and Deterrence: The Nuclear and Chemical Weapons Taboo, ” in P.J. Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996) pp. 114–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathje, W.L., “The Three Faces of Garbage-Measurements, Perceptions and Behavior, ” Journal of Management and Technology 1989 (17:2), 61–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauf, T. et al., Inventory of International Proliferation Organizations and Regimes (Monterey: Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, R., The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, R., Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, B.S. “Nature Mastered by Man: Ideology and Water in the Soviet Union, ” Environment and History 1997 (3), 69–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, D., The Origins of American Social Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheper-Hughes, N., Death Without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, P.W., “A Multinational Perspective on the Relation between Judeo-Christian Religious Beliefs and Attitudes of Environmental Concern, ” Environment & Behavior 2000 (32:4), 576–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.I. (ed.), Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U. S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H.A., “Economic Rationality, ” in H.A. Simon (ed.), The Sciences of the Artificial (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981) pp. 31–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, G.M., Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Developments in the Middle East: 1998-1999 (Ramat-Gan: Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoll, M., Protestantism, Capitalism, and Nature in America (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Technologies Underlying Weapons of Mass Destruction, OTA-BP-ISC-115 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Utgoff, V. (ed.), The Coming Crisis: Nuclear Proliferation, U.S. Interest, and World Order (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohlforth, W.C., “A Certain Idea of Science, How International Relations Theory Avoids the New Cold War History, ” Journal of Cold War Studies 1999 (1:2), 39–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, C., Environmental Policy in the USSR (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zook, D.C., “A Culture of Deterrence: Nuclear Myths and Cultural Chauvinism in South Asia, ” World Policy Journal 2000 (17: 1).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Joffe, A.H. Review essay Want not, waste not: The environmental impact of two generations of WMD proliferation and the implications for Asia. Crime, Law and Social Change 35, 333–356 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011244118772

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011244118772

Keywords

Navigation