Abstract
The time has long since passed that protests and demonstrations wereregarded as the possible beginning of violent revolutionary ferment. Venting dissatisfaction or making demands in the streets has become commonplace in our ‘demonstration-democracy’. In this article we examine whether this normalisation of street protest also means that more heterogeneous groups of people taketo the streets. Have citizens become potentially peaceful protesters or is protest politics still the domain of union militants, progressive intellectuals, and committed students? In answering these questions wewill use the three research methods most commonly used for studying collective action: population surveys, protest event-analysis and interviews with protesters at demonstrations.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
Almond, G.A. & Verba, S. (1963). The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Anker, H. & Oppenhuis, E.V. (1995). Dutch Parliamentary Election Panel-Study 19892013;1994. Amsterdam: Steinmetz/swidoc.
Barnes, S.H. & Kaase, M. (1979). Political action, mass participation in five western democracies. London: Sage.
Beerten, R., Billiet, J., Carton, A. & Swyngedouw, M. (1993). General Election Study 1991, Flanders 2013; Belgium, codebook and questionnaire. Leuven: ISPO.
Beerten, R., Billiet, J., Carton, A. & Swyngedouw, M. (1997) General Election Study 1995, Flanders 2013; Belgium, codebook and questionnaire. Leuven: ISPO.
Bogart, L. (1983). Public opinion and collective behavior, Public Opinion Quarterly 47: 4842013;489.
Dalton, R. (1996). Citizen politics: Public opinion and political parties in advanced industrial democracies. Chatam, NJ: Chatam House Publishers.
Dekker, P. & van den Broek, A. (1996). Volunteering and politics: Involvement in voluntary associations from a civic culture perspective (pp. 1252013;151), in L. Halman & N. Nevitte (eds.), Political value change in western democracies. Tilburg: University Press.
della Porta, D. (1995). Social movements, political violence, and the state. A comparative analysis of Italy and Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
della Porta, D. (1999). Protest, protesters, and protest policing (pp. 662013;96), in M. Guini, D. McAdam & C. Tilly (eds.), How social movements matter. Minnisota: Minnisota University Press.
della Porta, D., Kriesi, H. & Rucht, D. (1999). Social movements in a globalising world. Basingstoke: MacMillan Press.
Diani, M. & Eyerman, R. (1992). Studying Collective Action. London: Sage.
Duyvendak, J.W. & Koopmans, R., eds. (1992). Tussen verbeelding en macht: 25 jaar nieuwe sociale bewegingen in Nederland. Amsterdam: SUA.
Etzioni, A. (1970). Demonstrating democracy. New York: Gordon and Breach.
Favre, P., Fillieule, O. & Mayer, N. (1997). La fin d'une 00E9;trange lacune de la sociologie des mobilisations: L'00E9;tude par sondage des manifestants: fondaments th00E9;oriques et solutions techniques, Revue Fran00E7;aise de Science Politique 47: 32013;28.
Fillieule, O. (1996). Police records and the national press in France. Issues in the methodology of data-collection from newspapers. EUI Working Paper RSC No. 96/25.
Fillieule, O. (1997). Strat00E9;gies de la rue. Les manifestations en France. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
Fillieule, O. (1998). Plus 00E7;a change, moins 00E7;a change. Demonstrations in France during the nineteen-eighties (pp. 1992013;226), in D. Rucht et al. (eds.), Acts of dissent. New development of the study of protest. Berlin: Sigma Edition.
Fuchs, D. (1990). The normalization of the unconventional. Discussion Paper FS III 90-203. Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin.
Furedi, F. (1997). Culture of Fear. London: Cassel.
Gabriel, O. (1996). Distrust, involvement, and political protest in Western democracies (pp. 1932013;219), in L. Halman & N. Nevitte (eds.), Political value change in Western democracies. Tilburg: University Press.
Heunks, F. (1996). Varieties of political participation (pp. 2212013;234), in L. Halman & N. Nevitte (eds.), Political value change in Western democracies. Tilburg: University Press.
Hooghe, M. (1997). Nieuwkomers op het middenveld. Nieuwe sociale bewegingen als actoren in het Belgisch politiek systeem. Brussel: VUB.
Hooghe, M. (1999). Sociale cohesie of pluralisme? Vrijwillige verenigingen als machtsmechanisme. Paper voor de marktdag sociologie Utrecht 27 mei 1999.
Jennings, M.K. & Van Deth, J.W., eds. (1990). Continuities in political action. A longitudinal study of political orientations in three Western democracies. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Kaase, M. (1990). Mass participation (pp. 232013;64), in M.K. Jennings & J.W. Van Deth (eds.), Continuities in political action. A longitudinal study of political orientations in three Western democracies. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
Klandermans, B. (1984). Mobilisation and participation: Social-psychological expansions of resource mobilisation theory, American Sociological Review 49: 5832013;600.
Klandermans, B. & Oegema, D. (1987). Potentials, networks, motivation and barriers: Steps towards participation in social movements, American Sociological Review 52: 5192013;531.
Koopmans, R. (1995). Appendix: The Newspaper Data (pp. 2532013;273), in H. Kriesi et al. (eds.), New social movements in Western Europe. A comparative analysis. London: UCL Press.
Kitchelt, H. (1986). Political opportunity structures and political protest: Antinuclear movements in four democracies, British Journal of Political Science 16: 572013;85.
Kriesi, H. & Castenmiller, P. (1987). De ontwikkelingen van politiek protest in Nederland sinds de jaren zevenstig, Acta Politica 27: 612013;84.
Kriesi, H., Koopmans, R., Duyvendak, J.W. & Giugni, M. (1995). New Social Movements in Western Europe. A Comparative Analysis. London: UCL Press.
Ladd, A., Hood, T. & Van Liere, K.D. (1983). Ideological themes in the antinuclear movement: Consensus and diversity, Sociological Inquiry 53: 2522013;272.
March, A. (1977). Protest and political consciousness. London: Sage.
March, A. & Kaase, M. (1979). Background of political action (pp.972013;136), in S.H. Barnes & M. Kaase (eds.), Political action:Mass participation in five Western democracies. London: Sage.
McPhail, C., Schweingruber, D. & McCarthy, J. (1998). Policing protest in the United States: 19602013;1995 (pp. 492013;69), in D. della Porta & H. Reiter (eds.), Policing protest: The control of mass demonstrations in western democracies. Minneapolis: University Press.
McAdam, D. (1988). Micromobilisation Contexts and the Recruitment to Activism (pp.1252013;154), in B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi & S. Tarrow (eds.), From Structure to Action. Greenwich: JAI Press.
McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. & Zald, M., eds. (1996). Comparative perspectives on social movements. Chicago: Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, J. & Zald, M. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory, American Journal of Sociology 82: 12122013;1241.
McCarthy, J., McPhail, C. & Smith, J. (1996). Selektionkriterien in der Berichterstattung von Fernsehen und Zeitungen, Forschungsjournal NSB 9: 262013;45.
Meyer, D. & Tarrow, S. (1998). A movement society: Contentious politics for a new Century (pp. 12013;28), in D. Meyer et al. (eds.), The social movement society. NewYork: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Piven, F. & Cloward, R. (1991). Collective protest: A critique of resource mobilization theory, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society4: 4352013;458.
Rucht, D., Koopmans, R. & Niedhart, F. (1998). Acts of dissent. New development of the study of protest. Berlin: Sigma Edition.
Rucht, D. & Niedhart, F. (1998). Methodological issues in collecting protest event data (pp.652013;89), in D. Rucht et al. (eds.), Acts of dissent. New development of the study of protest. Berlin: Sigma Edition.
Rucht, D. (1998). The structure and culture of collective protest in Germany since 1950 (pp.292013;58), in D. Meyer et al. (eds.), The social movement society. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Smits, J. (1984). Democratie op straat. Leuven: Acco.
Tarrow, S. (1989). Democracy and disorder. Protest and politics in Italy, 19652013;1975. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Tilly, C., Tilly, L. & Tilly, R. (1975). The rebellious century: 18302013;1930. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Tilly, C. (1983). Speaking your mind without elections, surveys, or social movements, Public Opinion Quarterly 47: 4612013;478.
Topf, R. (1995). Beyond electoral participation (pp.522013;91), in D. Fuchs & H. Klingemann (eds.), Citizens and the state. Oxford: University Press.
Turner, R. & Killian, L. (1987). The field of collective behavior (pp. 52013;20), reprinted in R. Curtis & B. Aguirre (eds.), Collective behaviour and social movements. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1993.
Ulens, W. (1994). Analyse van de betogingen in Belgi00EB;: 19792013;1984, KU Leuven: eindverhandeling.
Van Aelst, P. & Walgrave, S. (1999). De stille revolutie op straat. Betogen in Belgi00EB; in de jaren'; 90, Res Publica 41: 412013;64.
Van Aelst, P., Walgrave, S. & Decoster, K. (2000). Politiek wantrouwen en protest (pp. 2252013;253), in M. Hooghe (ed.), Sociaal kapitaal en democratie. Leuven: Acco.
Verba, S. & Nie, N. (1972). Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality. New York: Harper and Row.
Verba, S., Schlozman K. & Brady, H. (1995). Voice and Equality. Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Waddington, D. et al. (1988). Flashpoints of public disorder. London: Methuen.
Walgrave, S. & Rihoux, B. (1997). De Witte Mars. Een jaar later. Leuven: Van Halewyck.
Walgrave, S., Van Aelst, P. & Suetens, M. (1998). Van witte beweging naar slachtofferbeweging. Van 300.000 naar 30.000: de Tweede Witte Mars, Samenleving & Politiek 5: 352013;41.
Walgrave, S. & Rihoux, B. (1998). De Belgische witte golf. Voorbij de sociologische bewegingstheorie?, De Sociologische Gids 45: 3102013;339.
Walgrave, S. & Stouthuysen, P. (1998). Van tranen naar gebalde vuisten. Over de politisering van priv00E9;-verdriet: de zaak-Dutroux, Tijdschrift voor Sociologie 19: 3472013;376.
Walgrave, S. & Manssens, J. (2000). The making of the White March. The mass media as a mobilisation alternative for movement organisations. Mobilization: An International Journal 5(2): 2172013;239.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Van Aelst, P., Walgrave, S. Who is that (wo)man in the street? From the normalisation of protest to the normalisation. European Journal of Political Research 39, 461–486 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011030005789
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011030005789
Keywords
- Research Method
- Collective Action
- Heterogeneous Group
- Population Survey
- Union Militant