Abstract
Following an examination of blood samples from 1000 persons from Kuwait, a number of important differences in the levels of lead in the blood were noted. There were significant differences between the sexes living in the same residential area. Certain significant lead in blood differences were also found between females and males who dyed their hair, and between smokers and non-smokers. Lead in blood concentrations were also tested for the various blood groups of the respondents. It was noted that O+ blood group respondents were found to have higher lead levels than those of other major blood groups.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Commission of European Communities (1983) Directive on Lead. Safety Prohibition 1, 48.
Diaz, B.F., Batres, L., Calderon, J., Lugo, A., Gavao, L., Lara, I., Rizo, P., Arroyave, M.E. and McConnell, R. (1997) The El Paso smelter 20 years later: Residual impact on Mexican children. Environmental Research 74, 11–16.
Fonslibee, L.J. (1992) Human health effects of air pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives 100, 45–46.
Mahaffey, K.R., McKinney, J. and Reigart, J.R. (1992) Lead and compounds. In Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects. New York, USA: Lippmann, M. and Reinhold, V.N., 360 pp.
Malini, A.C. and Perera, M.S. (1996) Blood lead levels in a population exposed to vehicle emissions in Sri Lanka. Journal of the Natural Science Council 24, 121–26.
Menditto, A., Morisi, G., Spagnolo, A. and Menotti, A. (1994) Association of blood lead to blood pressure in men aged 55 to 75 years: Effect of selected social and biochemical confounds. Quality Management in Pharmacy Development and Molecular Design to Drug Approval 28, 107–11.
Qu, J.B., Jin, C., Liu, Y., Yin, S. and Watanabe, T. (1988) Blood lead levels of the general populations of three Chinese cities. The Science of the Total Environment 77, 35–44.
Sole, E., Ballabriga, A. and Dominguez, C. (1998) Lead exposure in the general population of the metropolitan area of Barcelonia: Blood levels and related factors. The Science of the Total Environment 224, 19–27.
Trepka, M.J., Heinrich, J., Krause, C., Schultz, C., Lippold, U., Meyer, E. and Wichmann, H.E. (1997) The internal burden of lead among children in a smelter town–A small area analysis. Environmental Research 72, 18–130.
Wahid, A., Koul, P.A., Shah, S.U., Khan, A.R., Bhat, M.S. and Malik, M.A. (1997) Lead exposure in papier mache workers. Human Experimental Toxicology 16, 281–83.
Watanabe, T., Cha, C.W., Song, D.B. and Ikeda, M. (1987) Pb and Cd levels among Korean populations. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38, 189–95.
Weyermann, M. and Brenner, H. (1997) Alcohol consumption and smoking habits as determinants of blood lead levels in a national population sample from Germany. Archives of the Environmental Health 52, 233–39.
Wu-Trong, N., Chen-Yang, S., Saou-Hsing, L., Guang-Yang, Y., Kquei-Nu, Ko., Show-Lin, C., Chao-Chun, H. and Po-Ya, C. (1997) The epidemiology and surveillance of blood lead in Taiwan (R.O.C.): A report on the press-BLL project. International Archives of Occupational Environmental Health 69, 386–91.
Zielhuis, R.L. (1981) Heavy metals in the environment. Proceedings of the 5th International Conferences New Orleans, LA, USA, pp. 421–29.