Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is by far and away the most disadvantaged of the world's three main developing regions. Worse, its situation has mostly been deteriorating for much of the past several decades. Its agriculture is severely under-productive, and per capita food supplies have been steadily dwindling. Its environments and natural-resource base, characterised by water deficits, soil erosion, fuelwood shortages, rudimentary agro-practices, and grossly inadequate infrastructure, are generally unfavourable for sustainable agriculture. The population has expanded until it far exceeds carrying capacity, yet its growth rate is the highest in the world. The region also suffers from more disease than any other region. There is widespread and deepening poverty. As a result of these and other problems, and despite major food imports, two-thirds of the people are malnourished, one-quarter of whom endure outright hunger, even semi-starvation. Both these proportions appear set to keep on increasing both relatively and absolutely. Were these problems to persist with their decades-long trends, there could eventually arrive a stage when much larger numbers of people would succumb to terminal malnutrition, precipitating a human tragedy of unprecedented proportions. Fortunately, success stories demonstrate that solutions are available, on the part of both governments concerned and international agencies. Because of ignorance, or rather ‘ignore-ance’ of the potential mortality disaster ahead, however, not nearly enough has been done to address the challenge with the energy and urgency to match its scale.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
African Development Bank. (1998) The African Development Report 1998. Abidjan, Ivory Coast: African Development Bank.
Alberts, B.M. (1998) Toward a global science. Issues in Sci. Technol. 14, 25.27.
Alan Guttmacher Institute (1997) Issues in Brief: Risks and Realities of Early Childbearing Worldwide. New York, USA: Alan Guttmacher Institute.
Alexandratos, N., (ed.) (1995) World Agriculture Towards 2010: An FAO Study. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Abdulai, A. and Hazell, P. (1995) The role of agriculture in sustainable economic development in Africa. J. Sustain. Agri. 7, 101.19.
Abdulai, A. and Delgado, C.L. (eds.) (1995) Reestablishing Agriculture as a Priority for Development Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Atwood, J.B. (1995) Keynote Address, in A 2020 vision for food, agriculture and the environment: 15.19. IFPRI/ International Washington DC, USA: Food Policy Research Institute.
Bellamy, C. (1999) Statement at Lusaka AIDS Conference, 1999.
Bender, W. and Smith, M. (1997) Population, food and nutrition. Pop. Bull. 51.
Binns, T., (ed.) (1995) People and Environment in Africa. Chichester, Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons.
Biswas, M. (1994) Agriculture and Environment: A Review, 1972.1992. Ambio/May 3, 192.97.
Bojo, J. (1996) The costs of land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa. Ecol. Econ. 16, 161.73.
Bongaarts, J. (1996) Global trends in AIDS mortality. Pop. and Develop. Rev. 22, 21.45.
Bongaarts, J. and Bruce, J. (1995) The causes of Unmet need for contraception and the social content of services. Studies in Family Planning 26, 57.75.
Brown, L. R., Gardner, G. and Halweil, B. (1999) Beyond Malthus: 19 Dimensions of the Population Challenge. New York, USA: W. W. Norton.
Brown, L. R. (1996) The Potential Impact of AIDS on Population and Economic Growth Rates. Washington DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Burman, E. (1995) Expanding NGO Participation in African Environmental Policy Reform. Washington, DC, USA: World Resources Institute.
Caldwell, J.C. and Caldwell, P. (1993) The nature and limits of the sub-Saharan African AIDS epidemic: Evidence from geographic and other patterns. Pop. Develop. Rev. 19, 817.48.
Caldwell, J.C. and Caldwell, P. (1996) The African AIDS epidemic. Sci. Am.62.68.
Chiebva, S. (1996) Drought, famine and environmental degradation in Africa. Ambio 25, 212.13.
Cleaver, K. (1997) Rural Development Strategies for Poverty Reduction and Environmental Protection in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.
Cleaver, K.M. and Schreiber, G.A. (1994) Reversing the Spiral: The Population, Agriculture and Environment Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.
Colletta, N.J., Kostner, M. and Wiederhofer, I. (1996) The Transition from Water Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.
Covarrubias, A. (1999) Lending for Electric Power in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC, USA: World Bank.
Daily, G.C. and Ehrlich, P.R. (1996) Impacts of development and global change on the epediomological environment. Environ. Develop. Econ. 1, 311.46.
Daily, G.C., and 15 others. (1998) Food production, population growth, and the environment. Science 281, 1291.92.
Dasgupta, P. (1993) An Inquiry into Well-Being and Destitution. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
de Haen, H., Alexandratos, N. and Bruinsma, J. (1999) Prospects for the world food situation on the threshold to the 21st century. In M.S. Swaminathan, (ed.) Malthus and Mendel: Population, Science and Sustainable Food Security. Chennail Madras, India: Madras Editorial Services.
Delgado, C.L., Hopkins, J. and Kelly, V.A. (1998) Agricultural Growth Linkages in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Devarajan, C., Rajkumar, A.F. and Swaroop, V. (1999) What Does Aid to Africa Finance? Washington, DC, USA: Development Research Group, World Bank.
Dollar, D. (1998) Assessing Aid: What Works, What Doesn't, and Why. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
Donovan, G.D. (1996) Agriculture and economic reform in sub-Saharan Africa. AFTES Working Paper 18. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.
Downing, T. (1999) Relative impacts of human-induced climate change and natural climate variability. Nature 397, 688.91.
Dreze, J., Sen, A. and Hussain, A., (eds.), (1995) The Political Economy of Hunger. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Ehrlich, P.R. and Ehrlich, A.H. (1995) The Betrayal of Science and Reason: How Anti-Environmental Rhetoric Threatens our Future. Washington, DC, USA: Island Press.
Elz, D., (ed.), (1987) Agricultural Marketing Strategy and Pricing Policy. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.
Engelman, R. and LeRoy, P. (1995) Conserving Land: Population and Sustainable Food Production. Washington, DC, USA: Population Action International.
Esrey, S.A. (1996) Water, waste and well-being: A multicountry study. Am. J. Epdemiol. 143, 608.23.
Falkenmark, M. (1994) Landscape as life support provider: Water-related limitations. In F. Graham-Smith, (ed.), Population: The Complex Reality: pp. 103.15. London, UK: The Royal Society.
Falkenmark, M., Andersson, L., Castensson, R. and Sundblad, K. (1999) Water: A Reflection of Land Use. Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish Science Press.
Fischer, S., Hernandez-Cata, E. and Khan, M.S. (1998) Africa: Is This the Turning Point? Washington, DC, USA: International Monetary Fund.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (1992) Nutrition and Development: A Global Assessment. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (1996) Crucial Role of Irrigation Development in Increasing Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (1997) Agriculture and food security: Looking forward-continued gain, continued pain. http://www.fao.org/wfs/fs/e/agricult/AgLoo-e/htm
Food and Agriculture Organization. (1998) Factfile: Number of Hungry People Rising. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (1999a) Food Balance Sheets 1997. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (1999b) State of Food and Agriculture 1998. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (1999c) Food Supply Situation and Crop Prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2000a) Africa Food Emergencies. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2000b) Food Balance Sheets, 1998. Food Emergencies. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Forsythe, J. (1996) AIDS in Kenya: Socioeconomic Impact and Policy Implications. Rome, Italy, and Geneva, Switzerland: Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization.
Gallick, D., (ed.), (1996) World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1996. Washington, DC, USA: Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.
Gardner, G. (1996) Shrinking Fields: Cropland Loss in a World of Eight Billion. Washington, DC, USA: Worldwatch Institute.
Gardner-Outlaw, T. and Engelman, R. (1997) Sustaining Water, Easing Scarcity: A Second Update. Washington, DC, USA: Population Action International.
Gardner-Outlaw, T. and Engelman, R. (1999) Forest Futures: Population, Consumption and Wood Resources. Washington, DC, USA: Population Action International.
Glantz, M.H. (1994) Drought Follows the Plough. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Haddad, L. (1995) The March of Malnutrition to 2020: Where are the Solutions? Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Hansch, S. (1995) How Many People Die of Starvation in Humanitarian Emergencies? Washington, DC, USA: Refugee Policy Group.
Harris, J.M. (1996) World agricultural futures: Regional sustainability and ecological limits. Ecol. Econ. 17, 95.115.
Haub, C. and Cornelius, D. (2000) World Population Data Sheet, 2000. Washington, DC, USA: Population Reference Bureau.
Hazell, P.B.R. (1996) Managing Natural Resources to Feed Africa. Washington, DC, USA.: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Hotez, P.J. and Pritchard, D.T. (1995) Hookworm infection. Sci. Am. 272, 68.75.
Hulme, M., (ed.), (1996) Climate Change and Southern Africa. Norwich, UK: Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia.
Ingram, K. and Frisvold, G. (1994) Productivity in African agriculture: Sources of Growth and Stagnation. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
International Labour Organization. (1999) World Employment Report 1998.99. Geneva. Switzerland: International Labour Organization.
International Monetary Fund. (1999) Sub-Saharan Africa: Economic Policy and Outlook for Growth. Washington, DC, USA: International Monetary Fund.
Islam, N. (1996) Securely sustainable. Our Planet 8, 7.9.
Jain, A. (1999) Should eliminating unmet need for contraception continue to be a program priority? Int. Family Planning Perspectives 25, (suppl.), 39.43, 49.
James, W.P.T. and Schofield, E.C. (1990) Human Energy Requirements. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Jayne, T.S. et al. (1994) Market-Oriented Strategies to Improve Household Access to Food: Experience from Sub-Saharan Africa. Department of Agricultural Economics, East Lansing, Michigan, USA: Michigan State University.
Johnson, H.J. (1996) Food Security in Africa. Washington, DC, USA: US General Accounting Office.
Jolly, R. (1997) Third Report on the World Nutrition Situation. New York, USA: Sub-Committee on Nutrition, United Nations Development Programme.
Kendall, H.W. and Pimentel, D. (1994) Constraints on the expansion of the global food supply. Ambio 23, 198.205.
Lal, R. (1995) Erosion-crop productivity relationships for soils of Africa. Am. J. Soil Sci. Soc. 59, 661.67.
Lutz, W., Sanderson, W. and Scherbov, S. (1997) Doubling of world population unlikely. Nature 387, 803.04.
Mann, J.M. and Tarantola, D.J.M. (1998) HIV 1998: The global picture. Sci. Am. July, 62.63.
Marchione, T. (1996) The right to food in the post-cold war era. Food Policy 12, 83.102.
Marsili, R. (1994) Food Supply and Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
McNamara, R.S. (1991) A Global Population Policy to Advance Human Development in the 21st Century. New York, USA: United Nations.
Meier, R.L. (1996) A hopeful path for development in Africa. Futures 28, 345.58.
Meinzen-Dick, R.S. and Rosegrant, M.W. (1997) Managing water supply and demand in southern Africa. In L. Haddad, ed. Achieving Food Security in Southern Africa: 203.24. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Messer, E. and Uvin, P., (eds.) (1996) The Hunger Report, 1995. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Gordon and Breach.
Messer, E., Cohen, M.J. and d'Costa, J. (1998) Food from Peace: Breaking the Links between Conflict and Hunger. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Minear, L. and T. Weiss. (1993) Humanitarian Action in Times of War. Colorado, USA: Lynne Reinner Publications, Boulder.
Murray, C.J.L. and Lopez, A.D. (eds.) (1996) The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press.
Myers, N. and Kent, J. (1995) Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena. Washington, DC, USA: Climate Institute.
Myers, N. and Kent. J. (2000) Food and hunger in sub-Saharan Africa. Report to the Winslow Foundation, Washington, DC, USA.
Ndulu, B. et al. (1996) Agenda for Africa's Economic Renewal. Washington, DC, USA: Overseas Development Council.
Oldeman, L.R., Hakkeling, R.T.A. and Sombroek, W.G. (1990) World Map of the Status of Human-Induced Soil Degradation. Wageningen, Netherlands: International Soil Reference and Information Centre.
Oxfam UK. (1999) Africa's Forgotten Crises: People in Peril. Oxford, UK: Oxfam.
Paarlberg, R. (1997) Politics and Food Insecurity in Africa. Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA: Department of Economics, Wellesley College.
Paarlberg, R.L. (1999) External Impact Assessment of IFPRI's 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Initiative. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Pardey, P.G., Roseboom, J. and Beintema, N.M. (1995) Investments in African Agricultural Research. The Hague, Netherlands: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA and International Service for National Agricultural Research.
Pearce, D., Hamilton, K. and Atkinson, G. (1996) Measuring sustainable development: progress on indicators. Environ. Develop. Econ. 1, 85.101.
Pimentel, D. and Pimentel, M. (1996) Food, Energy and Society. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Colorado University Press.
Pimentel, D., Huang, X., Cordova, A. and Pimentel, M. (1997) Impact of population growth on food supplies and environment. Pop. Environ. 19, 9.14.
Pimentel, D. et al. (1998) Ecology of increasing disease: population growth and environmental degradation. BioScience 48, 817.26.
Pingali, P.L. and Rajaram, S. (1998) Technological Opportunities for Sustaining Wheat Productivity Growth Toward 2020. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Pinstrup-Andersen, P. (1995) The Challenge for a 2020 Vision: Extent of Today's Human Suffering and the View Toward 2020. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Pinstrup-Andersen, P., Lundberg, M. and Garrett, J.L. (1995) Foreign Assistance to Agriculture: A Win-Win Proposition. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Pinstrup-Andersen, P., Pandya-Lorch, R. and Rosegrant, M.W. (1999) World Food Prospects: Critical Issues for the Early 21st Century. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Pinstrup-Andersen, P., Pandya-Lorch, R. and Babu, S. (1997) A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment in Southern Africa. See also The World Food Situation: Recent Developments, Emerging Issues and Long-Term Prospects. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Pinstrup-Andersen, P. and Cohen, M.J. (1999) An Overview of the Future Global Food Situation. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Pinstrup-Andersen, P. and Pandya-Lorch, R. (1998) Food security and sustainable use of natural resources: a 20:20 Vision. Ecol. Econ. 26, 1.10.
Piuf, (1999) At the 11th UN AIDS Conference in Zimbabwe.
Poleman, T.T. (1997) Recent trends in food availability and nutritional wellbeing. Pop. Environ. 19, 145.65.
Postel, S. (1999) Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? New York, USA: W. W. Norton.
Renner, M. (1999) Wars increase once again. In L. R. Brown et al., (eds.), Vital Signs 1999. pp. 112.13. New York, USA: W. W. Norton. See also Ending Violent Conflict. Washington, DC, USA: Worldwatch Institute.
Richardson, J. (1996) Structural Adjustment and Environmental Linkages: A Case Study of Kenya. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute.
Rosegrant, M.W. (1996) Food Prices and Food Security: Where are we Headed? Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Rosegrant, M. (1995) Who Will go Hungry? Scenarios for Future Global and Regional Food Supply and Demand. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Rosen, J.E. and Conly, S.R. (1998) Africa's Population Challenge: Accelerating Progress in Reproductive Health. Washington, DC, USA: Population Action International.
Rukuni, M. (1999) Food crisis: need for an African solution to an African problem, in Stanley R. Johnson, (ed.), Food Security: New Solutions for the 21st Century, pp. 340.57. Ames, Iowa, USA: Iowa State University Press.
Sai, F. (1994) Dr. Fred Sai Speaks Out. London, UK: International Planned Parenthood Federation.
Scherr, S.J. and Yadaf, S. (1997) Land Degradation in the Developing World: Issues and Policy Options for 2020. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Scrimshaw, N.S. (1994) The consequences of hidden hunger for individuals and societies. Food Nutr. Bull. 15, 3.24.
Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sharma, M., Garcia, M., Qureshi, A., and Brown, L. (1996) Overcoming Malnutrition: Is there an Ecoregional Dimension? Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Shetty, P.S. and Shetty, N. (1993) Parasitic infection and chronic energy deficiency in adults. Parasitology 107, S159.67.
Shiff, M. and Valdes, A. (1995) The plundering of agriculture in developing countries. Finance and Development (March).
Sivard, R. (1996) World Military and Social Expenditures 1996. Washington, DC, USA: World Priorities.
Smith, J.B. et al. (1995) Executive Summary. In K.M. Strzepak and Smith, J.B. (eds.), As Climate Changes: International Impacts and Implications, pp. 1.18. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Speth, J.G. (1999) The plight of the poor: The United States must increase development aid. Foreign Affairs 78, 13.17.
Staatz, J.M. et al. (1993) Restructuring food systems to support a transformation of agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: Experience and Issues. Published as Staff Paper, pp. 93–96, Department of Agricultural Economics, East Lansing, Michigan, USA: Michigan State University.
Teklu, T. (1995) Employment Programs for Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Thamae, L. (1997) Institutional arrangements for the effective development of southern Africa's water resources. In L. Haddad (ed.), Achieving Food Security in Southern Africa, pp. 226.34. Washington, DC, USA: IFPRI/International Food Policy Research Institute.
Tilford, E. (Jr.) (1998) World View: The 1998 Strategic Assessment. Carlisle, Pennsylvania, USA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.
Tweeten, L. and McClellan, D.G. (eds.) (1997) Promoting Third World Development and Food Security. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Praeger Press.
Ul Haq, M. (1995) Whatever happened to the peace dividend? Our Planet 7, 8.10.
UNAIDS. (1999) www.fao.org/news/1999.991006-e.htm
UNICEF. (1998) The State of the World's Children 1998. New York, USA: United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF).
UNICEF. (2000) The State of the World's Children 2000. New York, USA: United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF).
United Nations Development Programme. (1998) Human Development Report 1998. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
United Nations Development Programme. (1999) Human Development Report 1999. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
United Nations Development Programme. (2000) Human Development Report 2000. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
United Nations Environment Programme. (1999) Global Environment Outlook 2000. London, UK: Earthscan.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1995) Refugees at a Glance: Information Brief. New York, USA: United Nations.
United Nations Population Division. (1999) World Population Prospects: The 1998 Revision. New York, USA: United Nations Population Division.
United Nations Population Fund. (1999) State of World Population, 1999. New York, USA: United Nations Population Fund.
United Nations University, Institute for Natural Resources in Africa. Africa Can Feed Just 40% of its Population in 2025. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University.
US Agency for International Development. (1999) (website).
US Department of Agriculture. (1999) Food Security Assessment: Why Countries are at Risk. Washington, DC, USA: US Department of Agriculture.
US National Research Council. (1989) Recommended Dietary Allowances. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press.
US National Research Council. (1996) Preventing and Mitigating AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Research and Data Priorities for the Social and Behavioural Sciences. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press.
Veit, V.G. (1998) Africa's Valuable Assets: A Reader in Natural Resources. Washington, DC, USA: World Resources Institute.
Veit, V.G., Mascarenhas, A. and Ampadu-Agyei, O. (1995) Lessons from the Group Up: African Development that Works. Washington, DC, USA: World Resources Institute.
Watson, R.T., Zinyouwera, M.C. and Moss, R.H. (eds.) (1998) Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, World Meteorological Organization, and Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environmental Programme.
Webb, P. and von Braun, J. (1994) Famine and Food Security in Ethiopia: Lessons for Africa. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
Wirth, D. F. and J. Cattani. (1997) Winning the war against malaria. Technol. Rev. 100, 52.61.
Westoff, C.F. and I.H. Ochoa. (1996) The potential demographic significance of unmet need. Int. Family Plan. Perspectives. 22, 16.20.
World Bank. (1992) World Development Report 1992. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
World Bank. (1993) World Development Report 1993. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
World Bank. (1994) World Development Report 1994. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
World Bank. (1995) African Development Indicators 1994.95. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.
World Bank. (1996a) Toward Environmentally Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.
World Bank. (1996b) Poverty Reduction and the World Bank: Progress and Challenges in the 1990s. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.
World Bank. (1997) Taking Action to Reduce Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.
World Bank. (1997) Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.
World Bank. (1998) World Development Report 1998. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
World Bank. (1999a) World Development Report 1999.2000. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
World Bank. (1999b) Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries 1998/99.Washington, DC,USA: World Bank.
World Bank. (1999c) World Development Indicators. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.
World Food Programme. (1999a) World Food Programme Statistics, 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: World Food Programme.
World Food Programme. (1999b) World Food Programme and Global Food Aid Shipments by Country and Region, 1994. 1998. Rome, Italy: World Food Programme.
World Health Organization, (1995) The Current Global Situation of the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (1996a) World malaria situation in 1993. Weekly epediomological record of the World Health Organization 71, 41.44.
World Health Organization. (1996b) Micronutrient Malnutrition. Half of the World's Population Affected; see also Child malnutrition: fact sheet no. 119. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (1997) Health and Environment in Sustainable Development. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (1998) The Worldwide Magnitude of Protein-Energy Malnutrition: An Overview from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (1999) World Health Organization report on Infectious Diseases: Removing Obstacles to Healthy Development. See also, World Health Report, 1999. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Resources Institute. (1998) World Resources Report 1998.1999. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Myers, N., Kent, J. Food and hunger in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Environmentalist 21, 41–69 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010642205043
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010642205043