Abstract
In this paper two philosophical issues are discussed that hold special interest for empirical researchers studying happiness. The first issue concerns the question of how the psychological notion(s) of happiness invoked in empirical research relates to those traditionally employed by philosophers. The second concerns the question of how we ought to conceive of happiness, understood as a purely psychological phenomenon. With respect to the first, I argue that 'happiness', as used in the philosophical literature, has three importantly different senses that are often confused. Empirical research on happiness concerns only one of these senses, and serious misunderstandings about the significance of empirical results can arise from such confusion. I then argue that the second question is indeed philosophical and that, in order to understand the nature of (what I call) psychological happiness, we need first to determine what a theory of happiness is supposed to do: what are our theoretical and practical interests in the notion of happiness? I sketch an example of how such an inquiry might proceed, and argue that this approach can shed more light on the nature and significance of happiness (and related mental states) than traditional philosophical methods.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Almeder, R.: 2000, Human Happiness and Morality (Prometheus Press).
Annas, J.: 1993, The Morality of Happiness (Oxford University Press, New York).
Annas, J.: 1998, 'Virtue and eudaimonism', in E.F. Paul, F.D. Miller Jr. and J. Paul (eds.), Virtue and Vice (Cambridge University Press, New York), pp. 37-55.
Aristotle: 1962, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. Ostwald, Martin. (Macmillan, New York).
Austin, J.: 1968, 'Pleasure and happiness', Philosophy 43, pp. 51-62.
Barrow, R.: 1980, Happiness and Schooling (St. Martin's Press, New York).
Barrow, R.: 1991, Utilitarianism: A Contemporary Statement (Edward Elgar, Brookfield, VT).
Benditt, T.M.: 1974, 'Happiness', Philosophical Studies 25, pp. 1-20.
Benditt, T.M.: 1978, 'Happiness and satisfaction — A rejoinder to Carson', The Personalist 59, pp. 108-109.
Bentham, J.: 1969, 'An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation' in M.P. Mack (ed.), A Bentham Reader (Pegasus, New York), pp. 73-144.
Brandt, R.B.: 1959, Ethical Theory (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
Brandt, R.B.: 1967a, 'Happiness', in P. Edwards (ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Macmillan, New York).
Brandt, R.B.: 1967b, 'Hedonism', in P. Edwards (ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Macmillan, New York), pp. 432-435.
Brandt, R.B.: 1979, A Theory of the Good and the Right (Oxford University Press, New York).
Brandt, R.B.: 1989, 'Fairness to happiness', Social Theory & Practise 15, pp. 33-58.
Brandt, R.B.: 1992, Morality, Utilitarianism, and Rights (Cambridge University Press, New York).
Campbell, R.: 1973, 'The pursuit of happiness', Personalist, pp. 325-337.
Carson, T.: 1978a, 'Happiness and contentment: A reply to Benditt', The Personalist 59, pp. 101-107.
Carson, T.: 1978b, 'Happiness and the good life', Southwestern Journal of Philosophy 9, pp. 73-88.
Carson, T.: 1981, 'Happiness, contentment, and the good life', Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 62, pp. 378-392.
Carson, T.L.: 1979, 'Happiness and the good life: A rejoinder to Mele', Southwestern Journal of Philosophy 10, pp. 189-192.
Cooper, J.M.: 1975, Reason and the Human Good in Aristotle (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.).
Cottingham, J.: 1998, Philosophy and the Good Life (Cambridge University Press, New York).
Cummins, R.A.: 1998, 'The second approximation to an international standard for life satisfaction', Social Indicators Research 43, pp. 307-334.
Davis, W.: 1981a, 'Pleasure and happiness', Philosophical Studies 39, pp. 305-318.
Davis, W.: 1981b, 'A theory of happiness', American Philosophical Quarterly 18, pp. 111-120.
Diener, E. and M.B. Diener: 1998, 'Happiness: Subjective well-being', in H.S. Friedman (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mental Health (Academic Press, NewYork), 2, pp. 311-321.
Diener, E., E.M. Suh, et al.: 1999, 'Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress', Psychological Bulletin 125(2), pp. 276-302.
Ebenstein, A.O.: 1991, The Greatest Happiness Principle: An Examination of Utilitarianism (Garland, New York).
Edwards, R.B.: 1979, Pleasures and Pains: A Theory Of Qualitative Hedonism (Cornell University Press, Ithaca).
Gauthier, D.P.: 1967, 'Progress and happiness: A utilitarian consideration', Ethics 78, pp. 77-82.
Gert, B.: 1988, Morality:ANewJustification of the Moral Rules (Oxford, NewYork).
Goldstein, I.: 1973, 'Happiness: The role of non-hedonic criteria in its evaluation', International Philosophical Quarterly 13, pp. 523-534.
Grice, H.P.: 1991, The Conception of Value (Oxford University Press, New York).
Griffin, J.: 1979, 'Is unhappiness morally more important than happiness?', Philosophical Quarterly, pp. 47-55.
Griffin, J.: 1986, Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement, and Moral Importance (Clarendon Press, Oxford).
Griffiths, P.E.: 1997, What Emotions Really Are (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).
Hare, R.M.: 1963, Freedom and Reason (Oxford University Press, Oxford).
Haybron, D.M. (forthcoming) 'Happiness and pleasure', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.
Haybron, D.M. (unpublished manuscript a) 'Happiness and the Importance of Life Satisfaction', Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University.
Haybron, D.M. (unpublished manuscript b) 'A Theory of Happiness (and Maybe Depression)', Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University.
Haybron, D.M. (unpublished manuscript c) 'Three Things Called Happiness', Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University.
Hill, T.E., Jr.: 1999, 'Happiness and human flourishing in Kant's ethics', in E.F. Paul, F.D. Miller Jr. and J. Paul (eds.), Human Flourishing (Cambridge University Press, New York), pp. 143-175.
Hobbes, T.: 1962, Leviathan (Macmillan, New York).
Hudson, D.W.: 1996, Happiness and the Limits of Satisfaction (Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD).
Jacobs, J.: 1985, 'The place of virtue in happiness', Journal of Value Inquiry 19, pp. 171-182.
Kahneman, D.: 1999, 'Objective Happiness', in D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N. Schwarz (eds.), Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (Russell Sage Foundation, New York), pp. 3-25.
Kekes, J.: 1982, 'Happiness', Mind 91, 358-376.
Kekes, J.: 1988, The Examined Life (Bucknell University Press, Lewisburg).
Kekes, J.: 1992, 'Happiness', in L.C. Becker and C.B. Becker (eds.), Encyclopedia of Ethics (Garland, New York), pp. 430-435.
Kenny, A.: 1966, 'Happiness', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 66, pp. 93-102.
Kraut, R.: 1979, 'Two conceptions of happiness', The Philosophical Review 138, pp. 167-97.
Luper, S.: 1996, Invulnerability: On Securing Happiness (Open Court, Chicago).
Lykken, D.: 1999, Happiness (Golden Books, New York).
Lykken, D. and A. Tellegen: 1996, 'Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon', Psychological Science 7(3), pp. 186-189.
Mayerfeld, J.: 1996, 'The moral asymmetry of happiness and suffering', Southern Journal of Philosophy 34, pp. 317-338.
Mayerfeld, J.: 1999, Suffering and Moral Responsibility (Oxford, New York).
McFall, L.: 1989, Happiness (Peter Lang, New York).
Mele, A.R.: 1979, 'On “Happiness and the Good Life”', Southwestern Journal of Philosophy 10, pp. 181-187.
Meynell, H.: 1969, 'Human flourishing', Religious Studies 5, pp. 147-154.
Michalos, A.: 1980, 'Satisfaction and happiness', Social Indicators Research 8, pp. 385-422.
Mill, J.S.: 1979, Utilitarianism (Hackett, Indianapolis)
Montague, R.: 1967, 'Happiness', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 67, pp. 87-102.
Nozick, R.: 1989, The Examined Life (Simon and Schuster, New York).
Parducci, A.: 1995, Happiness, Pleasure, and Judgement: The Contextual Theory and Its Applications (L. Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ).
Plato: 1992, Republic, trans. Grube, G.M.A. (Hackett, Indianapolis).
Rawls, J.: 1971, A Theory of Justice (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.).
Rescher, N.: 1972, Welfare: The Social Issues In Philosophical Perspective (Pittsburgh University Press, Pittsburgh).
Rescher, N.: 1980, Unpopular Essays on Technological Progress (University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh).
Scruton, R.: 1975, 'Reason and happiness', in R.S. Peters (ed.), Nature and Conduct (Macmillan, New York), pp. 139-161.
Sen, A.: 1987, Commodities and Capabilities (Oxford University Press, New York).
Sidgwick, H.: 1966, The Methods of Ethics (Dover Publications, New York).
Simpson, R.: 1975, 'Happiness', American Philosophical Quarterly 12, pp. 169-176.
Smart, J.J.C.: 1973, 'An outline of a system of utilitarian ethics', in J.J.C. Smart and B. Williams (eds.), Utilitarianism: For and Against (Cambridge University Press, New York), pp. 3-74.
Sprigge, T.L.S.: 1991, 'The Greatest Happiness Principle', Utilitas, pp. 37-51.
Sumner, L.W.: 1996, Welfare, Happiness, and Ethics (Oxford, New York).
Tatarkiewicz, W.: 1976, Analysis of Happiness, trans. Rothert, Edward and Zielinskn, Danuta (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague).
Telfer, E.: 1980, Happiness (St. Martin's Press, New York).
Thomas, D.A.L.: 1968, 'Happiness', Philosophical Quarterly 18, pp. 97-113.
Veenhoven, R.: 1984, Conditions of Happiness (D. Reidel, Dordrecht).
Veenhoven, R.: 1997, 'Advances in Understanding Happiness', Revue Québécoise de Psychologie 18, pp. 29-79.
Von Wright, G. H.: 1963, The Varieties of Goodness (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London).
Warner, R.: 1986, 'Grice on Happiness', in R. Warner and R.E. Grandy (eds.), Philosophical Grounds of Rationality (Oxford University Press, Oxford), pp. 475-493.
Warner, R.: 1987, Freedom, Enjoyment, and Happiness: An Essay on Moral Psychology (Cornell University Press, Ithaca).
Wilson, J.: 1968, 'Happiness', Analysis 29, pp. 13-21.
Wolf, S.: 1997, 'Happiness and meaning: Two aspects of the good life', Social Philosophy and Policy 14, pp. 207-225.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Haybron, D.M. Two Philosophical Problems in the Study of Happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies 1, 207–225 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010075527517
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010075527517