Skip to main content
Log in

The Mixed Blessings of Material Progress: Diminishing Returns in the Pursuit of Happiness

  • Published:
Journal of Happiness Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The progress of nations is widely believed to enhance the happiness of their people. However, whether progress, as currently defined and derived, is increasing happiness and well-being in rich nations is problematic. The paper explores the relationship between economic growth and human development and the use of subjective measures of both life satisfaction and social quality of life as indicators of progress, noting the complex nature of well-being and the differences between personal and social perspectives. It questions whether widely used, simple measures are adequate, and whether greater happiness should, in any case, be regarded as the ultimate goal of progress.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Adamson, P.: 1993, 'Keeping faith with progress', The Progress of Nations 1993. (UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), New York), pp. 3–5.

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics: 1998, Mental Health and Wellbeing: Profile of Adults, Australia 1997.ABScatalogue no. 4326.0 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra).

    Google Scholar 

  • Basanez, M., R. Inglehart and A. Moreno: 1998. Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook (University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter, M.: 1997, 'Whose fault is it? People's own conceptions of the reasons for health inequalities', Social Science and Medicine 44 (6), pp. 747–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M.: 1999, 'If we are so rich, why aren't we happy?' American Psychologist 54 (10), October, pp. 821–827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, R. and H. Nistico, 'Maintaining life satisfaction: The role of positive cognitive bias', Clinical Psychology Review (under review).

  • Cummins, R.: 1998, 'The second approximation to an international standard for life satisfaction.' Social Indicators Research 43, pp. 307–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, R.: 2000a, 'Normative life satisfaction: Measurement issues and a homeostatic model.' in B. Zumbo (ed) Methodological Developments and Issues in Quality of Life Research (Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands), (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, R.: 2000b, 'Objective and subjective quality of life: An interactive model', Social Indicators Research (in press).

  • Cummins, R.: 2000c, 'Personal income and subjective well-being:Areview', Journal of Happiness Studies (in press).

  • Currie, C., K. Hurelmann, W. Settertobulte, R. Smith and J. Todd, (eds.): 2000, Health and Behaviour among Young People. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children: a WHO Cross-National Study (HBSC) International Report (World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen).

  • Diener, E. and C. Diener: 1995, 'The wealth of nations revisited: Income and quality of life', Social Indicators Research 36, pp. 275–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. and E. Suh: 1997, 'Measuring quality of life: Economic, social and subjective indicators.' Social Indicators Research 40, pp. 189–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., E. Suh, R. Lucas and H. Smith: 1999, 'Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.' Psychological Bulletin 125 (2), pp. 276–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterly, W.: 1997, 'Life During Growth.'World Bank, October (preliminary report), www.worldbank.org

  • Eckersley, R.: 1988, 'Casualties of Change: The Predicament of Youth in Australia.' (Australian Commission for the Future, Melbourne).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckersley, R.: 1997, 'Psychosocial disorders in young people: On the agenda but not on the mend.' Medical Journal of Australia 166, pp. 423–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckersley, R.: 1998a, 'Perspectives on progress: Economic growth, quality of life and ecological sustainability.' in R. Eckersley (ed). Measuring Progress: Is Life Getting Better? (CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckersley, R.: 1998b, 'Redefining progress: Shaping the future to human needs', Family Matters (51), Spring/Summer, pp. 6–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckersley, R.: 1999a. Quality of Life in Australia: An Analysis of Public Perceptions. Discussion paper no. 23, September, (The Australia Institute, Canberra).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckersley, R.: 1999b, 'Dreams and expectations: Young people's expected and preferred futures and their significance for education.' Futures 31, pp. 73–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckersley, R.: 2000a, 'The state and fate of nations: Implications of subjective measures of personal and social quality of life', Social Indicators Research 52, pp. 3–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckersley, R.: 2000b, 'Killer cults and the search for meaning', AQ (Australian Quarterly) 72 (1), February-March, pp. 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson Bloland, S.: 1999, 'The price of fame', The Australian Financial Review 12 November, Review, 1,2,8,9 (reprinted from The Atlantic Monthly).

  • Gallup: 1998, Haves and have-nots: Perceptions of fairness and opportunity 1998. Gallup Poll Social Audit. (The Gallup Organization, Princeton). Some details of the audit and updated results of the 'satisfaction with the US' question can be obtained from Gallup's website, www.gallup.com

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallup: 1999, 'Politics and moral values', Gallup Social and Economic Indicators. (The Gallup Organization, Princeton), www.gallup.com

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfried, M.: 1995, Nobody's Fool. Simon and Schuster. The review, Few skips in Kaye's Unfortunate Life, was published in The Bulletin, 9 May 1995, pp. 91.

  • Halpern, D.: 1995, 'Values, morals and modernity: The values, constraints and norms of European youth', in M. Rutter and D. Smith (eds.), Psychosocial Disorders in Young People: Time Trends and Their Causes. (JohnWiley & Sons for Academia Europaea, Chichester).

    Google Scholar 

  • Halstead, T.: 1998, 'The science and politics of new measures of progress: A United States perspective', in R. Eckersley (ed.), Measuring Progress: Is Life Getting Better? (CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, C.: 1998, 'Measuring changes in economic welfare: The Genuine Progress Indicator for Australia', in R. Eckersley (ed.), Measuring Progress: Is Life Getting Better? (CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria).

    Google Scholar 

  • Headey, B. and A. Wearing: 1988, 'The sense of relative superiority–central to well-being', Social Indicators Research 20, pp. 497–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasser, T. and R.M. Ryan: 1993, 'A dark side of the American Dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (2), pp. 410–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasser, T. and R.M. Ryan: 1996, 'Further examining the American Dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22 (3), pp. 280–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasser, T.: in press, 'Two versions of the American Dream: Which goals and values make for a high quality of life?' in E. Diener and D. Rahtz (eds.). Advances in Quality of Life Theory and Research (Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands).

  • Katschnig, H., H. Freeman and N. Sartorius, (eds.): 1997. Quality of Life in Mental Disorders (John Wiley & Sons, Chichester).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, H.: 1999, Mind&Mood '99';, The Mackay Report, June (Mackay Research, Sydney).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddison, A.: 1995, Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992. Development Centre Studies (OECD, Paris).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddison, A.: 2000, 'Economic progress: The last half century in historical perspective', in I. Castles (ed). Facts and Fancies of Human Development. Occasional Paper Series 1/2000 (Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Canberra). These data will also be in a forthcoming book, Contours of the World Economy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathers, C. and R. Douglas: 1998, 'Measuring progress in population health and well-being', in R. Eckersley (ed.), Measuring Progress: Is Life Getting Better? (CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria).

    Google Scholar 

  • Max-Neef, M.: 1995, 'Economic growth and quality of life: A threshold hypothesis', Ecological Economics 15, pp. 115–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. and E. Diener: 1995, 'Who is happy?' Psychological Science 6 (1), pp. 10–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. and E. Diener: 1996, 'The pursuit of happiness', Scientific American 274 (5), May, pp. 54–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pew Research Centre: 1999, 'Technology triumphs, morality falters: Public perspectives on the American century', 1999 Millennium Surveys. The Pew Research Centre, www.people-press.org

  • Pusey, M.: 1998, 'Incomes, standards of living and quality of life: Preliminary findings of the Middle Australia Project', in R. Eckersley (ed.), Measuring Progress: Is Life Getting Better? (CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. and D.J. Smith, (eds.): 1995, Psychosocial Disorders in Young People: Time Trends and Their Causes (John Wiley & Sons for Academia Europaea, Chichester).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, S. and D. Munro: 2000, The construction and validation of a consumer orientation questionnaire (SCOI) designed to measure Fromm's (1995) 'marketing character' in Australia, Social Behaviour and Personality 28 (3), (in press).

  • Sen, A.: 1993, 'The economics of life and death', Scientific American 268 (5), May, pp. 18–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szreter, S.: 1997, 'Economic growth, disruption, deprivation, disease and death: On the importance of the politics of public health for development', Population and Development Review 23 (4), 693–728.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Environment Program: 1997, Global Environment Outlook 1997: Executive Summary, Global Overview, www.unep.ch/earthw/assess.htm.

  • Veenhoven, R.: 1991, 'Is happiness relative?' Social Indicators Research 24, pp. 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veenhoven, R.: 1996, 'Developments in satisfaction Research', Social Indicators Research 37, pp. 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veenhoven, R.: 1999, 'Quality of life in individualistic society', Social Indicators Research 48, pp. 157–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington Post/Kaiser/Harvard Survey Project: 1998, American Values: 1998 Survey of Americans on Values. Kaiser Family Foundation, www.kff.org

  • Waters, E., M. Wake, J. Toumbourou, M. Wright and L. Salmon: 1999, 'Prevalence of emotional and physical health concerns among young people in Victoria', Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 35, pp. 28–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, R.: 1994, 'The epidemiological transition: From material scarcity to social disadvantage?' Daedalus 123 (4), Fall, pp. 61–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, R.: 1998, 'Equity, social cohesion and health', in S. Strickland and P. Shetty (eds.), Human Biology and Social Inequality. Society for the Study of Human Biology, Symposium 39 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, R.: 1999, Putting the picture together: Prosperity, redistribution, health, and welfare, in M. Marmot and R. Wilkinson (eds.), Social Determinants of Health (Oxford University Press, Oxford).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, B.: 1994, 'Patient satisfaction: A valid concept?' Social Science and Medicine 38 (4), pp. 509–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, B., J. Coyle and D. Healy: 1998, 'The meaning of patient satisfaction: An explanation of high reported levels', Social Science and Medicine 47 (9), pp. 1351–1359.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Commission on Environment and Development: 1987, Our Common Future. (Oxford University Press, Oxford).

    Google Scholar 

  • World Wide Fund for Nature: 1998, Living Planet Report 1998 (WWF, Gland, Switzerland).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard Eckersley.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Eckersley, R. The Mixed Blessings of Material Progress: Diminishing Returns in the Pursuit of Happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies 1, 267–292 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010040010239

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010040010239

Navigation