Abstract
A successful aerial insecticide application is one that provides the desired degree of pest control at an economic cost, with little environmental impact. This paper discusses a broad range of factors that affect treatment efficacy and environmental impact from aerial insecticide application to forests. Efficacy is affected by parameters such as the choice of active ingredient and its application rate, the volume application rate, tank mix characteristics, the spray droplet size spectrum, and the timing of, and meteorological conditions during an application. Environmental impact is influenced by aspects such as active ingredient specificity, meteorological conditions during the application, avionics use and buffer zone width. Key differences between insecticide applications in forestry and agriculture are pointed out.
Similar content being viewed by others
References cited
Anonymous (1971) Application and dispersal of pesticides. Tech. Rep. Ser. Wld. Hlth. Org. No. 465. WHO, Geneva. 66 pp.
ASAE (1987) Terminology and definitions for agricultural chemical application: Standard ASAE S327.1. In R.H. Hahn and E. Rosentreter (eds) Standards, Engineering Practices and Data Developed and Adopted by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, pp. 147-48. St. Joseph, MI: Society for Engineering in Agriculture.
Bache, D.H. and Johnstone, D.R. (1992) Microclimate and Spray Dispersion. 239 pp. New York: Ellis Horwood.
Barber, K.N., Volney, W.J., Westwood, A.R., Bendell, J.F., Holmes, S.B. and Otvos, I.S. (1995) Btk and nontarget lepidoptera in Canadian forests. In T.-Y. Feng et al. (eds) Bacillus thuringiensis Biotechnology and Environmental Benefits Vol. I pp. 425-40. Taipei, Taiwan: Hua Shiang Yuan Publishing Co.
Barry, J.W. and Eckblad, R.B. (1978) Deposition of insecticide drops on coniferous foliage. Trans. ASAE 21, 438-41.
Bouse, L.F. (1994) Effect of nozzle type and orientation on spray droplet size. Trans. ASAE 37, 1389-1400.
Cadogan, B. L. (1993) Evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis, aminocarb and fenitrothion against jack pine budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Northern Ontario. Crop Prot. 12, 351-56.
Cadogan, B.L. (1995) Aerial control equipment. In J.A. Armstrong and W.G.H. Ives (eds) Forest Insect Pests in Canada, pp. 537-43. Ottawa: Natural Resources Canada.
Cadogan, B. L., Retnakaran, A. and Meating, J. (1997) Efficacy of RH5992, a new insect growth regulator against spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in a boreal forest. J. Econ. Entomol. 90, 551-59.
CABI (1995) TheUKPesticide Guide. R. Whitehead (ed.) 589 pp. Wallingford: CAB International and BCPC.
Canadian Forest Service (1995) Forest Insects Pests in Canada. 732 pp. Ottawa: Canadian Forest Service.
Canadian Pulp and Paper Association (1992) Insecticides Registered for Forest and Woodlands Management. 6 pp. Montreal: Canadian Pulp and Paper Association.
Chamberlain, A.C. (1975) The movement of particles in plant communities. In J.L. Monteith (ed) Vegetation and the Atmosphere, pp. 155-203. London: Academic Press.
Crabbe, R.S., McCooeye, M. and Mickle, R.E. (1994) The influence of atmospheric stability on wind drift from ultra-low-volume aerial forest spray applications. J. Appl. Meteorol. 33, 500-07.
Cunningham, J.C. (1988) Baculoviruses: their status compared to Bacillus thuringiensis as microbial control agents. Outlook Agric. 17, 10-17.
Cunningham, J.C., Brown, K.W., Payne, N.J., Mickle, R.M., Grant, G.G., Fleming, R.A., Robinson, A., Curry, R.D., Langevin, D. and Burns, T. (1997) Aerial spray trials in 1992 and 1993 against gypsy moth, Lymantia dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), using nuclear polyhedrosis virus with and without optical brightener compared to Bacillus thuringiensis. Crop Prot. 16, 15-23.
Dhadialla, T.S., Carlson, G.R. and Le, D.P. (1998) New insecticides with ecdysteroidal and juvenile hormone activity. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43, 545-69.
Dubois, N.R., Mierzejewski, K., Reardon, R.C., McLane, W. and Witcosky, J.J. (1994) Bacillus thuringiensis field applications: effect of nozzle type, drop size and application timing on efficacy against gypsy moth. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 29, 679-95.
Entwhistle, P.F., Evans, H.F., Cory, J.S. and Doyle, C. (1990) Questions on aerial application of microbial pesticides to forests. Proc. of Vth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology 159-63.
Feitelson, J.S. (1993) The Bacillus thuringiensis family tree. In L. Kim (ed) Advanced Engineered Pesticides pp. 63-71. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Hall, J.P. (1996) Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in Canada 1994. Ottawa: Natural Resources Canada, 112 pp.
Hewitt, A.J., Robinson, A.G., Sanderson, R. and Huddleston, E.W. (1994) Comparison of the droplet size spectra produced by rotary atomizers and hydraulic nozzles under simulated aerial application conditions. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 29: 647-60.
Hooper, G.H. and Spurgin, P.A. (1995) Droplet size spectra produced by the atomization of a ULV formulation of fenitrothion with a Micronair AU5000 rotary atomizer. Crop Prot. 14: 27-30.
Howse, G.M., Meating, J.H. and Churcher, J.J. (1995) Insect control in Ontario, 1974-1987. In J.A. Armstrong and W.G.H. Ives (eds) Forest Insect Pests in Canada, pp. 679-99. Ottawa: Natural Resources Canada.
Joyce, R.J. and Beaumont, J. (1979) Collection of spray droplets and chemical by larvae, foliage and ground deposition. In A.V. Holden and D. Bevan (eds) Control of Pine Beauty Moth by Fenitrothion in Scotland 1978, pp. 63-80. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
Joyce, R.J. and Spillman, J.J. (1979) Discussion of aerial spraying techniques. In A.V. Holden and D. Bevan (eds) Control of Pine Beauty Moth by Fenitrothion in Scotland 1978, pp. 13-20. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
Joyce, R.J., Schaefer, G.W. and Allsopp, K. (1981) Distribution of spray and assessments of larval mortality at Annabaglish. In A.V. Holden and D. Bevan (eds) Aerial Application of Insecticide against Pine Beauty Moth, pp. 15-46. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
Kolk, A. (1998) Outbreaks of pine defoliating insects in Poland in the period 1991-1996. In W. Grodski, M. Knizek and B. Forster (eds) Methodology of Forest Insect and Disease Survey in Central Europe (IUFROWP 7.03.10), pp. 89-91. Krakov, Poland: Forest Research Institute.
May, K.R. and Clifford, R. (1967) The impaction of aerosol particles on cylinders, spheres, ribbons and discs. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 10, 83-95.
McCooeye, M.A., Crabbe, R.S., Mickle, R.E., Robinson, A.R., Stimson, E.B., Arnold, J.A. and Alward, D.G. (1993) Strategy for Reducing Drift of Aerially Applied Pesticides. 33 pp. Ottawa: Institute for Environmental Chemistry.
Meadows, M.P. (1993) Bacillus thuringiensis in the environment: ecology and risk assessment. In P.F. Entwhistle et al. (eds) Bacillus thuringiensis, an Environmental Biopesticide: Theory and Practice, pp. 193-220. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
Mickle, R.E. (1990) Canadian laser mapping technique for aerial spraying. Paper # AA90-004, 1990 NAAA/ASAE Joint Technical Session. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 8 pp.
Mickle, R.E. (1994) Utilizing vortex behaviour to minimize drift. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 29, 621-45.
Mickle, R.E. and Robinson, A.G. (1990) A monitor for aerial spraying. ARQD report. Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa. 12 pp.
Miller, J.C. (1990) Field assessment of the effects of a microbial pest control agent on nontarget Lepidoptera. Amer. Entomol. 36, 135-39.
Parkin, C.S. and Siddiqui, H.S. (1990) Measurement of dropsize spectra from rotary cage aerial atomizers. Crop Prot. 9, 33-38.
Parkin, C.S. and Spillman, J.J. (1980) The use of wing-tip sails on a spraying aircraft to reduce the amount of material carried off-target by a crosswind. J. Agric. Engng. Res. 25, 65-74.
Parkin, C.S. and Wyatt, J.C. (1982) The determination of flightline separations for the aerial application of herbicides. Crop Prot. 3, 309-21.
Payne, N.J. (1994) Spray deposits from aerial insecticide spray simulant applications to a coniferous plantation in lowand high wind speeds. Crop Prot. 13, 121-26.
Payne, N.J. (1995a) Principles of atomization and atomizer selection. In J.A. Armstrong and W.G.H. Ives (eds) Forest Insect Pests in Canada, pp. 521-29. Ottawa: Natural Resources Canada.
Payne, N.J. (1995b) Spray dispersal, deposition, and assessment. In J.A. Armstrong and W.G.H. Ives (eds) Forest Insect Pests in Canada, pp. 465-78. Ottawa: Natural Resources Canada.
Payne, N.J. and van Frankenhuyzen, K. (1995) Effect of spray droplet size and density on efficacy of Bacillus thuringienisis Berliner for control of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Torticidae). Can. Entomol. 127, 15-23.
Payne, N.J., Helson, B.V., Sundaram, K.M.S. and Fleming, R.A. (1988) Estimating buffer zone widths around pesticide applications. Pestic. Sci. 24, 147-61.
Payne, N.J., Feng, J.C. and Reynolds, P.E. (1990) Off-target deposits and buffer zones required around water for aerial glyphosate applications. Pestic. Sci. 30, 183-98.
Payne, N.J., Sundaram, K.M.S. and Helson, B.V. (1991) Airborne permethrin and off-target deposits from an aerial ultra-lowvolume silvicultural spray. Crop Prot. 10, 357-62.
Payne, N.J., Cunningham, J.C., Curry, R.D., Brown, K. and Mickle, R.E. (1996) Spray deposits in a mature oak canopy from aerial applications of nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Bacillus thuringiensis to control gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. Crop Prot. 15, 425-31.
Payne, N.J., Retnakaran, A. and Cadogan, L. (1997) Development and evaluation of a method for the design of spray applications: aerial tebufenozide applications to control the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Crop Prot. 16, 285-90.
Picot, J.J.C. and Kristmanson, D.D. (1997) Forestry Pesticide Aerial Spraying: Spray Droplet Generation, Dispersion and Deposition. 213 pp. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Picot, J.J.C., Bontemps, X. and Kristmanson, D.D. (1985) Measuring spray atomizer dropsize spectrum down to 0.5 ?m size. Trans. ASAE 28, 1367-70.
Picot, J.J.C., Kristmanson, D.D. and Basak-Brown, N. (1986) Canopy deposit and off-target drift in forestry aerial spraying: the effects of operational parameters. Trans. ASAE 29, 90-96.
Picot, J.J.C., van Vliet, M.W. and Payne, N.J. (1989) Droplet size characteristics for insecticide and herbicide spray atomizers. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 67, 752-61.
Picot, J.J.C., Kristmanson, D.D., Mickle, R.E., Dickison, R.B.B., Riley, C.M. and Weisner, C.J. (1993) Measurements of folial and ground deposit in forestry aerial spraying. Trans. ASAE 36, 1013-24.
Retnakaran, A., Smith, L.F.R., Tomkins, W.L., Primavera, M.J., Palli, S.R. and Payne, N.J. (1997) Effect of RH-5992, a non-steroidal ecdysone agonist, on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Torticidae): laboratory, greenhouse and ground spray trials. Can. Entomol. 129, 871-85.
Teske, M.E. and Barry, J.W. (1993) Parametric sensitivity in aerial application. Trans. ASAE 36, 27-33.
Teske, M.E., Twardus, D.B. and Eckblad, R.B. (1990) Swath width evaluation. Report No. 9034-2807. USDA Forest Service, Missoula Equipment and Development Centre, Missoula, MT. 22 pp.
Teske, M.E., Bowers, J.F., Rafferty, J.E. and Barry, J.W. (1993) FSCBG: an aerial spray dispersion model for predicting the fate of released material behind aircraft. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12, 453-64.
Teske, M.E., Thistle, H.W., Barry, J.W. and Eav, B. (1998) A simulation of boom length effects for drift minimization. Trans. ASAE 41, 545-51.
Thom, A.S. (1975) Momentum, mass and heat exchange of plant communities. In J.L. Monteith (ed) Vegetation and the Atmosphere, pp. 57-109. London: Academic Press.
Thompson, L. (1998) A Guide to Agricultural Spray Adjuvants Used in the United States. 5th edn, 126 pp. Fresno, CA: Thompson Publishing.
van Frankenhuyzen, K. (1990) Development and current status of Bacillus thuringiensis for control of defoliating forest insects. For. Chron. Oct. 498-507.
van Frankenhuyzen, K., Weisner, C.J., Riley, C.M., Nystrom, C., Howard, C.A. and Howse, G.M. (1991) Distribution and activity of spray deposits in an oak canopy following aerial application of diluted and undiluted formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. Pestic. Sci. 33, 159-68.
van Vliet, M.W. and Picot, J.J.C. (1987) Drop spectrum characterization for the Micronair AU4000 aerial spray atomizer. Atomization and Spray Technology 3, 123-34.
Wallace, D.J., Picot, J.J.C. and Chapman, T.J. (1995) A numerical model for forestry aerial spraying. Agric. For. Meteorol. 76, 19-40.
Yates, W.E., Cowden, R.E. and Akesson, N.B. (1983) Nozzle orientation, air speed and spray formulation effects on drop size spectrums. Trans. ASAE 26, 1638-43.
Yates, W.E., Cowden, R.E. and Akesson, N.B. (1985) Dropsize spectra from nozzles in high speed airstreams. Trans. ASAE 28, 405-10, 414.
Young, S.Y. and Yearian W.C. (1986) Formulation and application of baculoviruses. In R.R. Granados and B.A. Federici (eds) The Biology of Baculoviruses Volume II, Practical Application for Insect Control, pp. 157-79. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Payne, N.J. Factors Influencing Aerial Insecticide Application to Forests. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 5, 1–10 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009661505372
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009661505372