Abstract
Current images portray childhood as primarily a time of play and learning, de-emphasizing children's economic contributions and relegating them, like women, to the less-visible realm of the home. Ethnographic and historic literature amply demonstrates that age categories are constructs and, thus, exhibit considerable temporal and cross-cultural variability. Nevertheless, archaeologists have tended to ignore prehistoric children, perhaps viewing them as only peripheral to central research concerns, or to treat them stereotypically. The archaeological record provides opportunities for the exploration of numerous aspects of childhood and archaeologists are encouraged to respond to the challenge.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES CITED
Adams, E. C. (1991). The Origin and Development of the Pueblo Katsina Cult, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.
Alanen, L. (1994). Gender and generation: Feminism and the "child question." In Qvortrup, J., Bardy, M., Sgritta, G., and Wintersberger, H. (eds.), Childhood Matters: Social Theory, Practice, and Politics, Avebury Press, Aldershot, UK, pp. 27–42.
Aries, P. (1962). Centuries of Childhood, Vintage Press, New York.
Arnold, P. E. (1991). Eating landscape: Human sacrifice in Aztec Mexico. In Carrasco, D. (ed.), To Change Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes, University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado, pp. 219–232.
Bagwell, E. A. (Submitted). Ceramic form and skill: Attempting to identify child producers at Pecos Pueblo, New Mexico. In Kamp, K. A. (ed.), Children in the Prehistoric Puebloan Southwest. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Baker, M. (1997). Invisibility as a symptom of gender categories in archaeology. In Moore, J., and Scott, E. (eds.), Invisible People and Processes, Leicester University Press, London, pp. 183–191.
Barry III, H. (1996). Cultural influences on childhood participation in adult activities. Cross-Cultural Research 30:352–365.
Berdan, F. F., and Anawalt, P. R. (eds.). (1992). The Codex Mendosa, 4 volumes, University of California Press, Berkley, California. (Originally written 1541.)
Berrelleza, J. A. R. (1991). A study of skeletal materials from Tlatelolco. In Carrasco, D. (ed.), To Change Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes, University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado, pp. 9–19.
Binford, L. R. (1971). Mortuary practices: Their study and their potential. American Antiquity 36:6–29.
Boyden, J. (1990). Childhood and the policy makers: A comparative perspective on the globalization of childhood. In James, A., and Prout, A. (eds.), Constructing and Reconstucting Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, The Falmer Press, London, pp. 184–215.
Bradley, C. (1987). Children's work and women's work: A cross-cultural study. Anthropology of Work Review 8(1): 2–5.
Bradley, C. S. (1998). Obligation and Children: Attitudes of Obligation in the Nurturing and Interpretation of Children, Masters Thesis, Vermont College of Norwich University.
Brahin, J. L., and Fleming, S. J. (1982). Children's health problems: Some guidelines for their occurrence in ancient Egypt. Museum Applied Center for Archaeology Journal 2:75–81.
Broda, J. (1991). The sacred landscape of Aztec calendar festivals: Myth, nature, and society. In Carrasco, D. (ed.), To Change Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes, University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado, pp. 74–120.
Brumfiel, E. (1992). Breaking and entering the ecosystem: Gender, class, and faction steal the show. American Anthropologist 95:551–567.
Brundage, B. C. (1979). The Fifth Sun: Aztec Gods, Aztec World, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
Calnek, E. E. (1992). The ethnographic content of the third part of the Codex Mendoza. In Berdan, F. F., and Anawalt, P. R. (eds.), The Codex Mendoza, University of California Press, Berkley, California, pp. 81–91.
Chamberlain, A. T. (1997). Commentary: Missing stages of life—towards the perception of children in archaeology. In Moore, J., and Scott, E. (eds.), Invisible People and Processes, Leicester University Press, London, pp. 248–250.
Cheska, A. T. (1978). The study of play from five anthropological perspectives. In Salter, M.W. (ed.), Play: Anthropological Perspectives, Leisure Press, West Point, New York, pp. 17–35.
Chudacoff, H. P. (1989). How Old Are You?: Age Consciousness in American Culture, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Claassen, C. (ed.) (1992). Exploring Gender Through Archaeology: Selected Papers from the 1991 Boone Conference, Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
Claassen, C. (1997). Women's lives in prehistoric North America, In Claassen, C., and Joyce, R. A. (eds.), Women in Prehistory: North America and Mesoamerica. University of Pennsylvanis Press, Philadephia, pp. 65–87.
Clark, J. E. (n.d.). A Preclassic Mesoamerican society: Analysis of Francesca-Phase burials from Chiapa de Corza, Mexico, Unpublished paper.
Clendinnen, I. (1991). Aztecs: An Interpretation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Cominsky, S. (1985). Infant feeding practices in rural Kenya. In Hull, V., and Simpson, M. (eds.), Breastfeeding, Child Health and Child Spacing, Croom Helm, London, pp. 35–54.
Conkey, M.W., and Gero, J. M. (1997). Programme to practice: Gender and feminism in archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:411–437.
Conkey, M. W., and Spector, J. (1984). Archaeology and the study of gender. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 7:1–38.
Coon, C. S. (1939). The Races of Europe, The Macmillan Company, New York.
Crawford, C. (1991). When do Anglo-Saxon children count? Journal of Theoretical Archaeology 2:17–24.
Crown, P. L. (1998). Becoming a potter: Situated learning in the prehistoric American Southwest. Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology Meetings, Seattle, Washington.
Crown, P. L. (1999). Socialization in American Southwest pottery decoration. In Skibo, J. M., and Feinman, G. M. (eds.), Pottery and People: A Dymanic Interaction, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 25–43.
Cunningham, H. (1996). The history of childhood. In Philip Hwang, C., Lamb, M. E., and Sigel, I. E. (eds.), Images of Childhood, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 27–35.
Custer, J., Rosenberg, K., Mellin, G., and Washburn, A. (1990). A re-examination of the Island Field Site (7KF17), Kent county, Delaware. Archaeology of Eastern North America 18:145–212.
Cyphers Guill´en, A. (1993).Women, rituals, and social dynamics at ancient Chalcatzingo. Latin American Antiquity 4:209–224.
DeBoer, W. R. (1990). Interactive imitation and communication as expressed in style: The Ucayali experience. In Conkey, M., and Hastorf, C. (eds.), The Uses of Style in Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 82–104.
DeBoer, W. R. (1993). Like a rolling stone: The chunkey game and political organization in eastern North America. Southeastern Archaeology 12:83–92.
Dettwyler, K. A. (1994). Dancing Skeletons: Life and Death in West Africa.Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, Ill.
Donley-Reid, L. W. (1990). The power of Swahili porcelain, beads and pottery. In Nelson, S. M., and Kehoe, A. B. (eds.), Powers of Observation: Alternative Views in Archaeology, Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 2, Washington, DC, pp. 47–59.
Dragadze, T. (1988). Sex roles and state roles in Soviet Georgia: Two styles of infant socialization. In Jahoda, G., and Lewis, I. M. (eds.), Acquiring Culture: Cross-Cultural Studies in Child Development, Croom Helm, London, pp. 228–306.
El-Najjar, M. (1986). The biology and health of the prehistoric inhabitants. In Morris, D. P. (ed.), Archaeological Investigations at Antelope House, National Park Service, Washington, DC, pp. 206–220.
Farnham, C. (ed.). (1987). The Impact of Feminist Research in the Academy, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Finlay, N. (1997). Kid knapping: Children in lithic analysis. In Moore, J., and Scott, E. (eds.,), Invisible People and Processes: Writing Gender and Childhood into European Prehistory, Leicester University Press, London, pp. 201–212.
Fischer, A. (1990). On being a pupil of a flintknapper of 11,000 years ago. In Cziesla, E., Eickhoff, S., Arts, N., and Winter, D. (eds.), The Big Puzzle, Holos, Bonn, pp. 447–464.
Fortes, M. (1984). Age, generation, and social structure. In Kertzer, D. I., and Keith, J. (eds.), Age and Anthropological Theory, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp. 99–122.
Gero, J. M., and Conkey, M. W. (eds.). (1991). Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, Basil Blackwell, Cambridge, Mass.
Goddard, V. (1985). Child labour in Naples: The case of outwork. Anthropology Today 1(5): 18–21.
Golden, M. (1990). Children and Childhood in Classical Athens, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
Goldsmith, K. (1998). "Look ! I can make one too!!": Prehispanic clay figurines manufactured by children at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology Meetings, Seattle, Washington.
Goodman, A. H., and Armelagos, G. J. (1989). Infant and childhood morbidity and mortality risks in archaeological populations. World Archaeology 21(2): 225–243.
Grimm, L. (1998). Apprentice knapping: Relating the cognitive and social dimensions of lithic technological behavior. Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology Meetings, Seattle, Washington.
Gulranji, M. (1994). Child labour and the export sector in the third world: A case of the Indian carpet industry. Labour, Capital and Society 27(2): 192–214.
Halperin, R. (1984). Age in cultural economics: An evolutionary approach. In Kertzer, D. I., and Keith, J. (eds.), Age and Anthropological Theory, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp. 159–194.
Hammond, G., and Hammond, N. (1981). Child's play: A distorting factor in archaeological distribution. American Antiquity 46:634–636.
Harkness, S. (1996). Anthropological images of childhood. In Hwang, C. P., Lamb, M. E., and Sigel, I. E. (eds.), Images of Childhood, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 36–46.
Harris, M., and Ross, E. B. (1987). Death, Sex, and Fertility: Population Regulation in Preindustrial and Developing Societies, Columbia University Press, New York.
Hayden, B., and Cannon, A. (1984). Interaction inferences in archaeology and learning frameworks of the Maya. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3:325–367.
Hendrick, H. (1990). Construction and reconstruction of British childhood: An Interpretive survey, 1800 to the present. In James, A., and Prout, A. (eds.), Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, The Falmer Press, London, pp. 35–59.
Hinkes, M. J. (1983). Skeletal Evidence of Stress in Subadults: Trying to Come of Age at Grasshopper Pueblo. PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
Holliday, D.Y. (1993). Occipital lesions:Apossible cost of cradleboards. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90:283–290.
Howell, S. (1988). From child to human: Chewong concepts of self. In Jahoda, G., and Lewis, I. M. (eds.), Acquiring Culture: Cross-Cultural Studies in Child Development, Croom Helm, London, pp. 147–169.
Hrdlicka, A. (1908). Physiological and Medical Observations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States and Northern New Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology, No. 34.
Hughes, F. P. (1991). Children, Play, and Development, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
Hull, V. (1985). Breastfeeding, birth spacing, and social change in rural Java. In Hull, V., and Simpson, M. (eds.), Breastfeeding, Child Health and Child Spacing, Croom Helm, London, pp. 78–108.
James, A., and Prout, A. (1990). Time and transition in the study of childhood. In James, A., and Prout, A. (eds.), Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, The Falmer Press, London, pp. 216–237.
Janssen, R. M., and Janssen, J. J. (1990). Growing Up in Ancient Egypt, The Rubicon Press, London.
Jenkins, C. L., and Heywood, P. F. (1985). Ethnopediatrics and fertility among the Amele of Lowland New Guinea. In Hull, V., and Simpson, M. (eds.), Breastfeeding, Child Health and Child Spacing, Croom Helm, London, pp. 11–34.
Johnston, D. E. (1983). Roman Villas, Shire Publications, Aylesbury.
Joyce, R. A. (1999a). Girling the girl and boying the boy: The production of adulthood in ancient Mesoamerica. World Archaeology 31(3): 473–483.
Joyce, R. A. (1999b). Social dimensions of Pre-Classic burials. In Grove, D. C., and Joyce, R. A. (eds.), Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC, pp. 15–47.
Joyce, R. A., and Claassen, C. (1997). Women in the ancient Americas: Archaeologists, gender, and the making of prehistory. In Claassen, C., and Joyce, R. A. (eds.), Women in Prehistory: North America and Mesoamerica, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, pp. 1–14.
Kamp, K. A. (1998). Social hierarchy and burial treatments:Acomparative assessment. Cross-Cultural Research 32:79–115.
Kamp, K. A. (1998). Prints on Pots: Children Working and Learning in Prehistory. Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology Meetings, Seattle, Washington.
Kamp, K. A., Timmerman, N., Lind, G., Graybill, J., and Natowsky, I. (1999). Discovering childhood: Using fingerprints to find children in the archaeological record. American Antiquity 64(2): 309–315.
Karlin, C., and Julien, M. (1994). Prehistoric technology: A cognitive science? In Renfrew, C., and Zubrow, E. B. W. (eds.), The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 152–164.
Keith, J., and Kertzer, D. I. (1984). Introduction. In Kertzer, D. I., and Keith, J. (eds.), Age and Anthropological Theory, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp. 13–61.
Kenyon, D., and Arnold, C. D. (1985). Toys as indicators of socialization in Thule culture. In Thompson, M., Garcia, M. T., and Kense, F. J. (eds.), Status, Structure and Stratification: Current Archaeological Reconstructions, University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary, pp. 347–353.
Kinney, A. B. (1995). Introduction. In Kinney, A. B. (ed.), Chinese Views of Childhood, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 1–14.
Knol, E. (1987). Knucklebones in urns: Playful grave-goods in early medieval Friesland. Helinium (Wetteren) 27(2): 280–288.
Kramer, C. (1997). Pottery in Rajasthan: Ethnoarchaeology in Two Indian Cities, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Krause, R. A. (1985). The Clay Sleeps: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Three African Potters, The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Ladd, E. J. (1994). The Zuni ceremonial system: The kiva. In Schaafsma, P. (ed.), Kachinas in the Pueblo World, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 17–21.
La Fontaine, J. S. (1985). Initiation: Ritual Drama and Secret Knowledge Across the World, Penguin, Harmonsworth, Middlesex.
Lamb, M. E., and Hwang, C. P. (1996). Images of childhood: An introduction. In Hwang, C. P., Lamb, M. E., and Sigel, E. I. (eds.), Images of Childhood, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 1–12.
Lesick, K. S. (1997). Re-gendering gender: Some theoretical and methodological concerns on a burgeoning archaeological pursuit. In Moore, J., and Scott, E. (eds.), Invisible People and Processes, Leicester University Press, London, pp. 31–41.
Lillehammer,G. (1989).Achild is born. The child'sworld in an archaeological perspective. Norwegian Archaeological Review 22(2): 89–105.
Lillie, M. C. (1997).Women and children in prehistory: Resource sharing and social stratification at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Ukraine. In Moore, J., and Scott, E. (eds.), Invisible People and Processes, Leicester University Press, London, pp. 213–228.
Livi-Bacci, M. (1992). A Concise History of World Population(translated by Ipsen, C.), Blackwell, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
López Austin, A. (1984). Cuerpo Hermano e Ideologia, Vol. 1, University of Mexico, Mexico City.
Loucks, E. C. (1981). The Meaning of Childhood: Attitudes and Opinions of a Selected Group of U.S.University Graduates, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
Lucy, S. (1994). Children in early medieval cemeteries. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 13(2): 21–34.
Maher, V. (1992a). Breast-feeding and maternal depletion: Natural law or cultural arrangements? In Maher, V. (ed.), The Anthropology of Breast-Feeding: Natural Law or Social Construct, Berg Publishers, Oxford, pp. 151–180.
Maher, V. (1992b). Breast-feeding in cross-cultural perspective: Paradoxes and proposals. In Maher, V. (ed.), The Anthropology of Breast-Feeding: Natural Law or Social Construct, Berg Publishers, Oxford, pp. 1–36.
Manderson, L. (1985). To nurse and to nurture: Breastfeeding in Australian society. In Hull, V., and Simpson, M. (eds.), Breastfeeding, Child Health and Child Spacing, Croom Helm, London, pp. 162–186.
Marangou, C. (1991). Social differentiation in the early bronze age: Miniature tools and child burials. Journal of Mediterranean Studies 1:211–225.
Martin, D. L., Goodman, A. H., Armelagos, G. J., and Magennis, A. L. (1991). Black Mesa Anasazi health: Reconstructing life from patterns of death and disease, Occasional Paper No. 14, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Center for Archaeological Investigations, Carbondale, Ill.
Mays, S. (1993). Infanticide in Roman Britain. Antiquity 67:883–888.
Mead, M. (1962). Growing up in New Guinea, William Morrow and Co, New York.
Mehra-Kerpelman, K. (1996). Children at work: How many and where? World of Work: The Magazine of the ILO 15:8–9.
Meskell, L. (1994). Dying young: The experience of death at Deir el Medina. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 13(2): 35–45.
Meskell, L. (1998). An archaeology of social relations in an Egyptian village. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5(3): 209–243.
Miles, A. R. (1986). TheVirgin's one bare breast: Nudity, gender, and religious meaning in Tuscan Early Renaissance culture. In Suleiman, S. R. (ed.), The Female Body inWestern Culture: Contemporary Perspectives, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 193–208.
Millard, A. V., and Graham, M. A. (1985). Breastfeeding in two Mexican villages: Social and demographic perspectives. In Hull, V., and Simpson, M. (eds.), Breastfeeding, Child Health and Child Spacing, Croom Helm, London, pp. 55–77.
Mizoguchi, K. (1993). Time in the reproduction of mortuary practices. World Archaeology 25(2): 223–235.
Morrow, V. (1996). Rethinking childhood dependency: Children's contributions to the domestic economy. The Sociological Review 44:58–77.
Moss, H. A., and Robson, K. S. (1968). Maternal influences in early social visual behavior. Child Development 39:401–408.
Nelson, S. M., and Kehoe, A. B. (eds.). (1990). Powers of Observation: Alternative Views in Archaeology, Archaeological papers of the American Anthropological Association 2.
Nicholson, H. B. (1991). The Octli Cult in late Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico. In Carrasco, D. (ed.), To Change Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes, University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado, pp. 158–187.
O'Donnabhain, B., and Brindley, A. L. (1989/90). The status of children in a sample of Bronze Age burials containing pygmy cups. The Journal of Irish Archaeology 5:19–24.
Ortiz, A. (1969). The Tewa World: Space, Time, Being and Becoming in a Pueblo Society. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Palkovich, A. M. (1980). The Arroyo Hondo Skeletal and Mortuary Remains, School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Pandya, S. (1990). Mother Goddesses or terracotta whistles? An ethnographic parallel from North Gujarat. The Eastern Anthropologist 42:85–89.
Park, R. W. (1998). Size counts: The miniature archaeology of childhood in Inuit societies. Antiquity 72:269–281.
Perzigian, A. J., Trench, P. A., and Braun, D. J. (1984). Prehistoric health in the Ohio River valley. In Cohen, M. N., and Armelagos, G. J. (eds.), Paleopathology and the Origins of Agriculture, Academic Press, New York, pp. 247–366.
Philips, S., King, S., and DuBois, L. (1978). Spontaneous activities of female versus male newborns. Child Development 49:590–597.
Qvortrup, J. (1985). Placing children in the division of labour. In Close, P., and Collins, R. (eds.), Family and Economy in Modern Society, MacMillan, London, pp. 129–145.
Read, K. A. (1998). Time and the Sacrifice in the Aztec Cosmos, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
Rega, E. (1997). Age, gender and biological reality in the Early Bronze Age cemetery at Mokrin. In Moore, J., and Scott, E. (eds.), Invisible People and Processes, Leicester University Press, London, pp. 229–247.
Ritchie, J., and Ritchie, J. (1979). Growing up in Polynesia, George Allen and Unwin, Sydney.
Rivera, R. L. K. (1986). Children at work: The labor scene through the eyes of Filipino children. International Sociology 33:11–17.
Roberts, J. M., and Barry III, J. (1976). Inculcated traits and game-type combinations: A cross-cultural view. In Craig, T. T. (ed.), The Humanistic and Mental Health Aspects of Sports, Exercise and Recreation, American Medical Association, Chicago, pp. 5–11.
Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in Thinking: Cognitive Development in Social Context, Oxford University Press, New York.
Rollefson, G. O. (1992). A Neolithic game board from 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan. Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 286:1–5.
Roodt, F. (1992). Evidence for girl's initiation rites in the Bheje Umuziat eMgungundlovu. South African Journal of Ethnology 15(1): 9–14.
Roopnarine, J. L., and Johnson, J. E. (1994). The need to look at play in diverse cultural settings. In Roopnarine, J. L., Johnson, J. E., and Hooper, F. H. (eds.), Children's Play in Diverse Cultures, State University of New York Press, Albany, New York, pp. 1–8.
Roveland, B. (1997). Archaeology of Children. Anthropology Newsletter 38(4): 14.
Rowlett, R. M., and Schneider, M. J. (1974). The material expression of Neanderthal child care. In Richardson, M. (ed.), The Human Mirror: Material and Spatial Images of Man, Louisiana University Press, Baton Rouge, pp. 41–58.
Sahagun, Fray B. de (1961). Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain, Book 10-The People(translated and edited by A. J. O. Anderson and C. E. Dibble), School of American Research and the University of Utah Press, Santa Fe and Salt Lake City. (Originally written 1575–1577.)
Sahagun, Fray B. de (1969). Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain, Book 6-Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy(translated and edited by A. J. O. Anderson and C. E. Dibble), School of American Research and the University of Utah Press, Santa Fe and Salt Lake City. (Originally written 1575–1577.)
Sancho-Liao, N. (1994). Child labour in the Philippines: Exploitation in the process of globalization of the economy. Labour, Capital and Society 27(2): 270–281.
Sánchez, C. S. (1993). Funerary practices and human sacrifice in Teotihuacan burials. In Berrin, K. and Pasztory, E. (eds.), Teotihuacan: Art from the City of the Gods, Thames and Hudson, New York, pp. 109–115.
Saunders, S. R., and Melbye, F. J. (1990). Subadult mortality and skeletal indicators of health in Late Woodland Ontario Iroquois. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 14:61–74.
Saxe, A. (1970). Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices, PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
Scarborough, V. L., and Wilcox, D. R. (eds.). (1991). The Mesoamerican Ball Game, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Schlegel, A., and Barry III, H. (1989). Adolescents at play: A cross-cultural study of adolescent games. In Bolton, R. (ed.), The Content of Culture: Constants and Variants: Studies in Honor of John M. Roberts, HRAF Press, New Haven, Connecticut, pp. 33–48.
Schuster, M. R., and Van Dyne, S. R. (eds.) (1985). Women's Place in the Academy: Transforming theLiberal Arts Curriculum, Rowman and Allanheld Publishers, Totowa, New Jersey.
Scott, E. (1991). Animal and infant burials in Romano-British villas: A revitalization movement. In Garwood, P., Jennings, D., Skeates, R., and Toms, J. (eds.), Sacred and Profane: Proceedings of a Conference on Archaeology, Religion, and Ritual, Oxford, 1989, Oxford Committee for Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Oxford, pp. 115–121.
Scott, E. (1993). Images and contexts of infants and infant burials: Some thoughts on cross-cultural evidence. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 11:77–92.
Scott, E. (1997). Introduction: On the incompleteness of archaeological narratives. In Moore, J., and Scott, E. (eds.), Invisible People and Processes, Leicester University Press, London, pp. 1–12.
Serwint, N. (1993). Female athletic costume at the Heraia and prenuptial initiation rites. American Journal of Archaeology 97(3): 403–422.
Shelley, P. (1990). Variation in lithic assemblages: An experiment. Journal of Field Archaeology 17:187–193.
Sillar, B. (1994). Playing with God: Cultural perceptions of children, play and miniatures in the Andes. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 13(2): 47–63.
Simpson, M. (1985). Breastfeeding, infant growth and return to fertility in an Iranian city. In Hull. V., and Simpson, M. (eds.), Breastfeeding, Child Health and Child Spacing, Croom Helm, London, pp. 109–138.
Skeates, R. (1991). Caves, cult and children in Neolithic Abrouzzo, Central Italy. In Garwood, P., Jennings, D., Skeates, R., and Toms, J. (eds.), Sacred and Profane: Proceedings of a Conference on Archaeology, Religion, and Ritual, Oxford, 1989, Oxford Committee for Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Oxford, pp. 122–134.
Small, A., Bruce, M. F., and Shepherd, I. A. G. (1988). A Beaker child burial from Catterline, Kincardine and Deeside. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 118:71–77.
Soafer Derevenski, J. (1994a). Editorial. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 13(2): 1–5.
Soafer Derevenski, J. (1994b). Where are the children? Accessing children in the past. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 13(2): 7–20.
Soafer Derevenski, J. (1997). Engendering children, engendering archaeology. In Moore, J., and Scott, E. (eds.), Invisible People and Processes, Leicester University Press, London, pp. 192–202.
Sommerville, C. J. (1982). The Rise and Fall of Childhood, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, California.
Spector, J. (1983). Male/female task differentiation among the Hidatsa: Toward the development of an archaeological approach to the study of gender. In Albers, P., and Medicine, B. (eds.), The Hidden Half, University Press of America, Washington, DC, pp. 77–99.
Stephens, S. (1995). Introduction: Children and the politics of culture. In Stephens, S. (ed.), Children and the Politics of Culture, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 3–48.
Stern, D., Smith, S., and Doolittle, F. (1975). How children used to work. Law and Contemporary Problems 39:93–117.
Storey, R. (1992). The children of Copan. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:161–167.
Stuart-Macadam, P. (1985). Porotic hyperostosis: Representative of a childhood condition. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 66:391–398.
Sutro, L. D. (1991). When the river comes: Refuse disposal in Diaz Ordaz, Oaxaca. In Staski, E., and Sutro, L. D. (eds.), The Ethnoarchaeology of Refuse Disposal, Arizona State University Research Papers No. 42, Tempe, pp. 13–22.
Sutton-Smith, B. (1976). Current research and theory on play, Games and sports. In Craig, T. T. (ed.), The Humanistic and Mental Health Aspects of Sports, Exercise and Recreation, American Medical Association, Chicago, pp. 1–5.
Sutton-Smith, B. (1986). Toys as Culture, Gardner Press, New York.
Sutton-Smith, B. (1989). Games as models of power. In Bolton, R. (ed.), The Content of Culture: Constants and Variants: Studies in Honor of John M.Roberts, HRAF Press, New Haven, Connecticut, pp. 3–18.
Swiny, S. (1980). Bronze age gaming stones from Cyprus. Report of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus, Nicosia, pp. 54–58.
United Nations Development Program (1995). Human Development Report 1995, Oxford University Press, New York.
Van Beek, G. (1989). The buzz:Asimple toy from antiquity. Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 275:53–58.
Van Esterik, P. (1985). The cultural context of breastfeeding in rural Thailand. In Hull,V., and Simpson, M. (eds.), Breastfeeding, Child Health and Child Spacing, Croom Helm, London, pp. 139–161.
Walde, D., and Willows, N. D. (eds.). (1991). The archaeology of gender. In Proceeding of the Twenty-Second Annual Chacmool Conference of the Archaological Association of the University of Calgary, Archaeological Association of Calgary, University of Calgary, Calgary.
Watts, D. J. (1989). Infant burials and Romano-British Christianity. Archaeological Journal 146:372–383.
Wetterstrom,W. (1986). Food, Diet, and Population at Prehistoric Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, NewMexico, School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Wheeler, R. L. (1985). Pathology in late thirteenth century Zuni from the El Morro Valley, New Mexico. In Merbs, C. F., and Miller, R. J. (eds.), Health and Disease in the Prehistoric Southwest, Anthropological Papers 34, Arizona State University, Tempe, pp. 79–84.
White, L. K., and Brinkerhoff, D. B. (1981). Children'swork in the family: Its significance and meaning. Journal of Marriage and the Family 43:793.
Whitehouse, R. (1988). Underground religion: Cult and culture in Neolithic southern Italy. Unpublished paper, the Accordia lectures, Queen Mary College, University of London, October 20, 1988.
Whiting, B. B., and Edwards, C. P. (1988). Children of Different Worlds: The Formation of Social Behavior, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Whitman, W. (1947). The Pueblo Indians of San Ildefonso, Columbia University Press, New York.
Zelizer, V. A. (1985). Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Zeller, A. C. (1987). A role for children in hominid evolution. Man 22(2): 528–557.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kamp, K.A. Where Have All the Children Gone?: The Archaeology of Childhood. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 8, 1–34 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009562531188
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009562531188