Skip to main content
Log in

Managing Work and Family: The Decision to Outsource Child Care in Families Engaged in Family-Owned Businesses

  • Published:
Journal of Family and Economic Issues Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study investigates the decision to outsource child care among families involved in family-owned businesses. A management framework is used to examine the impact of inputs to the decision (i.e., goals and resources) and level of management activity (i.e., planning and implementing) in these families as predictors of the choice to outsource child care. The data are a sub-sample of the data from a project entitled, “Family Businesses: Interaction in Work and Family Spheres” (Winter, Fitzgerald, Heck, Haynes, & Danes, 1998) undertaken in 1997. Study findings indicate that household managers who work in the family business are less likely to outsource child care compared to those who work outside the family business. More educated household managers purchased more, and managers in larger families fewer hours of child care. Female household managers purchased significantly fewer hours of child care compared to their male counterparts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Avery, R. J., Bryant, W. K., Douthitt, R. A., & McCullough, J. (1996). Lessons from the past. Directions for the future. In R. J. Avery (Ed.), Household time use: Research in the 21st century (pp. 409-418). [Special issue]. Journal of Family and Economic Issues.

  • Blau, D. M., & Robins, P. K. (1988). Child care costs and family labor supply. Review of Economics and Statistics, 70 374-381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brayfield, A. (1995). Juggling jobs and kids: The impact of employment schedules on fathers' caring for children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 321-330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caruso, G. (1992). Patterns of maternal employment and child care for a sample of twoyear-olds. Journal of Family Issues, 13, 297-312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, R. M. (1992). Self-employment and providing child care. Demography, 29, 17-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Constantine, L. L. (1986). Family paradigms: The practice of theory in family therapy. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cragg, J. G. (1971). Some statistical models for limited dependent variables with application to the demand for durable goods. Econometrica, 39(5), 829-844.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danes, S. M., Zuiker, V., Kean, R., & Arbuthnot, J. (1999). Predictors of family business tensions and goal achievement. Journal of the Family Firm Institute, 12 241-252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, D. A., & Cain, V. S. (October, 1990). Child care arrangements, health of our nation's children, United States, 1988. Advance Data, 187.

  • Deacon, R. E., & Firebaugh, F. M. (1988). Family resource management principles and application (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doherty, W. J., & Colangelo, N. (1984). The family FIRO Model: A modest proposal for organizing family treatment. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 10 19-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doherty, W., Colangelo, N., & Hovander, D. (1991). Priority setting in family change and clinical practice: The family FIRO Model. Family Process, 30 227-240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folk, K. F., & Beller, A. H. (1993). Part-time work and child care choices for mothers of preschool children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55 146-157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, W. H. (1998). LIMDEP Version 6.0 User's Manual and Reference Guide. Bellport, NY: Econometric Software, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, W. H. (1998). Econometric analysis (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayghe, H. V. (1997). Developments in women's labor force participation. Monthly Labor Review, 120(9), 41-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, D. C. (1997). The determinants of fathers' time spent in regular child care. Family Economics and Resource Management Biennial, 2, 51-58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heck, R. K. Z., Winter, M., & Stafford, K. (1992). Managing work and family in homebased employment. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 13, 187-212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofferth, S. L. (1989). What is the demand for and supply of child care in the United States? Young Children, 44, 28-33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofferth, S. L., & Wissoker, D. A. (1992). Price, quality, and income in child care choice. Journal of Human Resources, 27(1), 70-111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, B., & Elman, N. (1988). Family-owned businesses: An emerging field of inquiry. Family Business Review, 1, 145-164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horvath, F. W. (1986). Work at home: New findings from the current population survey. Monthly Labor Review, 109(11), 31-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunts, H., Danes, S., Haynes, D. C., & Heck, R. K. Z. (In press). Home-based employment: Relating gender and household structure to management and child care. In C. Hennon, S. Loker, & R. Walker (Eds.), Gender and home-based employment. West Port, CT: Auburn House.

  • Joesch, J. M. (1998). Where are the children? Extent and determinants of preschoolers' child care time. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 19, 75-99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantor, D., & Lehr, W. (1975). Inside the family: Toward a theory of family process. New York: Harper Colophon.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeClere, M. J. (1994). The decomposition of coefficients in censored regression models: Understanding the effect of independent variables on taxpayer behavior. National Tax Journal, 47, 837-846.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehrer, E. (1983). Determinants of child care mode choice: An economic perspective. Social Science Research, 12, 69-80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibowitz, A., Klerman, J. A., & Waite, L. J. (1992). Employment of new mothers and child care choice: Differences by children's age. Journal of Human Resources, 27(1), 112-134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibowitz, A., Waite, L. J., & Witsberger, C. (1988). Child care for preschoolers: Differences by child's age. Demography, 25(2) 205-220.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, J. F., & Moffitt, R. A. (1980). The uses of Tobit analysis. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 62(2), 318-321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michalopoulos, C., Robins P. K., & Garfinkel, I. (1992). A structural model of labor supply and child care demand. Journal of Human Resources, 27, 166-203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, M. H. (1983). Overview of work-at-home trends in the United States. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, A. J., Rowe, B. R., & Gritzmacher, J. E. (1992). Building family functioning scales into the study of at-home income generation. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 13 299-313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, J. H. (1984). Home teleworking: A study of its pioneers. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 25, 1-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, J. H. (1993). Myths and realities of working at home: Characteristics of homebased business owners and telecommuters (U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy Contract SBA-6647-OA-91). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Presser, H. B. (1988). Shiftwork and child care among young dual-earner American parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 133-148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribar, D. C. (1992). Child care and the labor supply of married women: Reduced form evidence. Journal of Human Resources, 27, 134-165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. (1997). Time for life: The surprising ways Americans use their time. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roncek, D. W. (1992). Learning more from Tobit coefficients: Extending a comparative analysis of political protest. American Sociological Review, 57 503-507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smilkstein, G. (1978). Family APGAR: A proposal for family function test and in use by physicians. Journal of Family Practice, 6, 1231-1239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smilkstein, G. (1993). Family APGAR analyzed. Family Medicine, 25(5), 293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stafford, K., Winter, M., Duncan, K. A., & Genalo, M. A. (1992). Studying at-home income generation. Issues and methods. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 13 139-158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. L. (1987). Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, M., Fitzgerald, M. A., Heck, R. K. Z., Haynes, G. W., & Danes, S. W. (1998). Revisiting the study of family businesses: Methodological challenges, dilemmas, and alternative approaches. Family Business Review, 11 239-252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, M., Puspitawati, H., Heck, R. K. Z., & Stafford, K. (1993). Time-management strategies used by households with home-based work. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 14 69-92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeager, K. A. (1977, December). Modal choice in the demand for child care by working women (Working Paper No. 105). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Avery, R.J., Haynes, D.C. & Haynes, G.W. Managing Work and Family: The Decision to Outsource Child Care in Families Engaged in Family-Owned Businesses. Journal of Family and Economic Issues 21, 227–258 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009433317645

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009433317645

Navigation