Abstract
Algae were bloomed as batch cultures by adding fertilizers to natural seawater in 500 l outdoor tanks, from mid-June to mid-August, over a period of 2 y. In the first year of experiments the bloomed algae were fed to Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) juveniles at a range of rations from 0.06 to 1.63 g (organic weight of algae) g–1 (live weight of spat) week–1. At rations of 0.5 g g–1 week–1 or higher, growth rates of juveniles were similar (mean, 97%) to those fed a control diet of intensively cultured algae (Tetraselmis suecica Kylin) Butch and Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen) Takano at a ration of 0.3 g g–1 week–1). In the second year, the bloomed algae were fed at a ration of 0.5 g g–1 week–1 throughout all the experiments, and gave growth rates of 70–98% (mean, 85.6%), compared with the control diet. The proportion (by weight) of the diet consumed by the juveniles was about 70% for the control diet and 78% for the bloomed algae. Total lipid and essential fatty acid content of the bloomed algae were similar and total carbohydrate content was lower, when compared with typical published values for intensively cultured algae food species. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Akester, M.J. (1981) The Growth of Hatchery Reared Juvenile Flat Oysters, Ostrea edulis L. and Pacific Oysters, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, in Fertilised and Unfertilised Lagoons. MSc thesis, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, 96 pp.
Bacher, C. and Baud, J.P. (1992) Intensive rearing of juvenile oysters Crassostrea gigas in an upwelling system: optimization of biological production. Aquatic Living Resources 5 89–98.
Barillé, L., Bougrier, S., Geairon, P. and Robert, J.M. (1994) Experimental feeding of the oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) with three populations of different-sized modes of the diatom Haslea ostrearia (Simonsen). Oceanologia Acta 17, 201–210.
Barillé, L., Prou, J., Héral, M. and Bourgrier, S. (1993) No influence of food quality, but ration-dependent retention efficiencies in the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 171, 91–106.
Chaumont, D. (1993) Biotechnology of algal biomass production: a review of systems for outdoor mass culture. Journal of Applied Phycology 5, 593–604.
Claus, C., Maeckelberghe, H. and de Pauw, N. (1983) Onshore nursery rearing of bivalve molluscs in Belgium. Aquacultural Engineering 2, 13–26.
Coutteau, P. and Sorgeloos, P. (1992) The use of algal substitutes and the requirement for live algae in the hatchery and nursery rearing of bivalve molluscs: an international survey. Journal of Shellfish Research 11, 467–476.
Coutteau, P., Cure, K. and Sorgeloos, P. (1994) Effect of algal ration on feeding and growth of juvenile Manila clam Tapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeve). Journal of Shellfish Research 13, 47–55.
De Pauw, N., Verboven, J. and Claus, C. (1983) Large-scale microalgae production for nursery rearing of marine bivalves. Aquacultural Engineering 2, 27–47.
Gallager, S.M. and Mann, R. (1986) Growth and survival of larvae of Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) and Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) relative to broodstock conditioning and lipid content of the eggs. Aquaculture 56, 105–121.
Hayakawa, K., Handa, N., Kawanobe, K. and Wong, C.-S. (1996) Factors controlling the temporal variation of fatty acids in particulate matter during a phytoplankton bloom in a marine mesocosm. Marine Chemistry 52, 233–244.
Laing, I. and Millican, P.F. (1986) Relative growth and growth efficiency of Ostrea edulis L. spat fed various algal diets. Aquaculture 54, 245–262.
Laing, I. and Millican, P.F. (1992) Indoor nursery cultivation of juvenile bivalve molluscs using diets of dried algae. Aquaculture 102, 231–243.
Laing, I., Child, A.R. and Janke, A. (1990) Nutritional value of dried algae diets for larvae of Manila clam (Tapes philippinarum). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 70, 1–12.
Langdon, C.J., Levine, D.M. and Jones, D.A. (1985) Microparticulate feeds for marine suspension feeders. Journal of Microencapsulation 2, 1–11.
Lepage, G. and Roy, C.C. (1988) Specific methylation of plasma non-esterified fatty acids in a one-step reaction. Journal of Lipid Research 29, 227–235.
Levinton, J.S., Ward, J.E. and Thompson, R.J. (1996) Biodynamics of particle processing in bivalve molluscs: models, data, and future directions. Invertebrate Biology 115, 232–242.
Manzi, J.J., Hadley, N.H., Battey, C., Haggertey, R., Hamilton, R. and Carter, M. (1984) Culture of the northern hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linné), in a commercial scale, upflow, nursery system. Journal of Shellfish Research 4, 119–124.
Marsh, J.B. and Weinstein, D.B. (1966) Notes on methodology – simple charring method for determination of lipids. Journal of Lipid Research 7, 574–576.
Mayzaud, P., Claustre, H. and Augier, P. (1990) Effect of variable nutrient supply on fatty acid composition of phytoplankton grown in an enclosed experimental ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 60, 123–140.
Nell, J.A. (1993) The development of oyster diets. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, 557–566.
Palmer, R.E. and Williams, L.G. (1980) Effect of particle concentration on filtration efficiency of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians and the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Ophelia 19, 163–174.
Pastoureaud, A., Héral, M., Prou, J., Razet, D. and Russu, P. (1996) Particle selection in the oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) studied by pigment HPLC analysis under natural food conditions. Oceanologia Acta 19, 79–88.
Rodhouse, P.G., Roden, C. and Sommerville-Jacklin, M.E. (1983) Nutritional value of microalgal mass cultures to the oyster, Ostrea edulis L. Aquaculture 32, 11–18.
Rogan, E. and Cross, T.F. (1996) Nutrient dynamics and plankton cycles in artificial ponds used in the production of oyster Ostrea edulis L. spat. Aquaculture Research 27, 9–23.
Ryther, J.H. and Goldman, J.C. (1975) Microbes as food in mariculture. Annual Review of Microbiology 29, 429–433.
Shelef, G. and Soeder, C.J. (1980) Algae Biomass: Production and Use. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press: Amsterdam, 312 pp.
Shpigel, M., Lee, J., Soohoo, B., Fridman, R. and Gordin, H. (1993) Use of effluent water from fish-ponds as a food source for the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 24, 529–543.
Spencer, B.E. (1988) Growth and filtration of juvenile oysters in experimental outdoor pumped upwelling systems. Aquaculture 75, 139–158.
Spencer, B.E., Akester, M.J. and Mayer, I. (1986) Growth and survival of seed oysters in outdoor pumped upwelling systems supplied with fertilised sea water. Aquaculture 55, 173–189.
Strickland, J.D.H. and Parsons, T.R. (1968) A Practical Handbook of Sea Water Analysis. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 167, 311 pp.
Tenore, K.R. and Dunstan, W.M. (1973) Growth comparisons of oysters, mussels and scallops cultivated on algae grown with artificial medium and treated sewage effluent. Chesapeake Science 14, 64–66.
Urban, E.R., Pruder, G.D. and Langdon, C.J. (1983) Effect of ration on growth and growth efficiency of juveniles of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Journal of Shellfish Research 3, 51–57.
Walne, P.R. (1974) Culture of Bivalve Molluscs: 50 Years' Experience at Conwy. Fishing News (Books) Ltd: West Byfleet.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Laing, I., Chang, RM. Hatchery cultivation of Pacific oyster juveniles using algae produced in outdoor bloom-tanks. Aquaculture International 6, 303–315 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009247613664
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009247613664