Abstract
Even though the flying height is approaching molecular dimensions, it is expected to decrease as the areal recording density is increased. This study employs a new low-velocity test to obtain ultralow flying height with sustained intermittent asperity contacts and random seek accessing in a region near the middle diameter of the disk. Sensitive surface analytical tools are employed to follow tribochemical changes. Profiles are periodically measured across the disk surface using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for lubricant thickness and scanning-imaging micro-ellipsometry. Zdol lubricant is removed from the tested region through evaporation of low molecular weight scission fragments. The removal rate increased with increasing chemisorbed fraction and decreasing relative humidity. The increased removal rate is attributed to increases in the Zdol relaxation time. A longer relaxation time allows more time for bond dissociation following asperity contacts. Chemisorption sites in the tested region were occupied by chemisorbed scission fragments with a carboxylic acid end group. Amine and sodium salts of the carboxylic acid were detected on the tested regions of Zdol lubricated, and unlubricated, overcoats. The presence of tribochemically generated carboxylic acid groups on Zdol and overcoat carbon explain the increased water adsorption measured on the tested regions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B. Bhushan, Tribology and Mechanics of Magnetic Storage Devices (Springer, New York, 1990).
K. Kogure, T. Kita and S. Fukui, Review of the Electrical Communication Laboratories 30 (1982) 36.
M.H. Wahl, H. Kwon and F.E. Talke, Tribol. Trans. 40 (1997) 75.
S.J. Hirz, A.M. Homola, G. Hadziioannou and C.W. Frank, Langmuir 8 (1992) 328.
T.E. Karis, V.J. Novotny and R.D. Johnson, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 50 (1993) 1357.
T.E. Karis, V.J. Novotny, R.D. Johnson and M.S. Jhon, J. Magn. Soc. Jpn. 18 (1994) 509.
T.E. Karis and M.S. Jhon, Tribol. Lett. 5 (1998) 283.
D. Sianesi, V. Zamboni, R. Fontanelli and M. Binaghi, Wear 18 (1971) 85.
K.J.L. Paciorek and R.H. Kratzer, J. Fluorine Chem. 67 (1994) 169.
P.H. Kasai, J. Info. Storage Proc. Syst. 1 (1999) 23.
P.H. Kasai, J. Info. Storage Proc. Syst. 1 (1999) 233.
C.-Y. Chen, W. Fong, D.B. Bogy and C.S. Bhatia, Tribol. Lett. 1 (1999) 1.
C.-Y. Chen, W. Fong, D.B. Bogy and C.S. Bhatia, Tribol. Lett. 8 (2000) 9.
C.-Y. Chen, D.B. Bogy and C.S. Bhatia, Tribol. Lett. (2001), accepted.
V.J. Novotny, T.E. Karis and R.J. Whitefield, Tribol. Trans. 40 (1997) 69.
T.E. Karis and V.J. Novotny, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (1997) 52.
G.W. Tyndall, T.E. Karis and M.S. Jhon, Tribol. Trans. 42 (1999) 463.
T.E. Karis and G.W. Tyndall, J. Non Newt. Fluid Mech. 82 (1999) 287.
T.E. Karis, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 225 (2000) 196.
R.J. Waltman, G.W. Tyndall, J. Pacansky and R.J. Berry, Tribol. Lett. 7 (1999) 91.
K. Merchant, P. Mee, M. Smallen and S. Smith, IEEE Trans. Magn. 26 (1990) 2688.
S.K. Ganapathi and F.E. Talke, ASME J. Tribol. 115 (1993) 387.
S.M. F orehand and B. Bhushan, Tribol. Trans. 40 (1997) 549.
T.E. Karis, G.W. Tyndall and R.J. Waltman, Tribol. Trans. (2000), in press.
M.H. Azarian, C.L. Bauer, T.M. O'Connor and M.S. Jhon, Wear 168 (1993) 49.
P.R. Peck, R.N. Kono, M.S. Jhon and T.E. Karis, Adv. Info. Storage Syst. 6 (1995) 121.
W. Hua, B. Liu, G. Sheng and Y. Zhu, Info. Storage Proc. Syst. 1 (1999) 273.
T.E. Karis, in: Proc. Nanotribology: Critical Assessment and Research Needs, A Workshop held atNIST, Gaithersburg, MD, ed. S.M. Hsu, 13–15 March 2000 (Kluwer, Nonwell, MA), in press.
F.M. Hoffman, Surf. Sci. Rep. 3 (1983) 107.
L.C. Bo and D. Pavelescu, Wear 82 (1982) 277.
E. Rabinowicz, Friction and Wear of Materials (Wiley, New York, 1965).
G.W. Tyndall, R.J. Waltman and D.J. Pocker, Langmuir 14 (1998) 7527.
W.H. Press and S.A. Teukolsky, Comput. Phys. 4 (1990) 669.
B.B. Sauer, H. Yu, M. Yazdanian, G. Zografi and M.W. Kim, Macromolecules 22 (1989) 2332.
C. Gao, T. Vo and J. Weiss, ASME J. Tribol. 120 (1998) 369.
G.W. Tyndall and R.J. Waltman, J. Phys. Chem. B 104 (2000) 7085.
B. Marchon, N. Heiman and M.R. Khan, IEEE Trans. Magn. 26 (1990) 168.
T.E. Karis, G.W. Tyndall and M.S. Crowder, IEEE Trans. Magn. 34 (1998) 1747.
A.W. Adamson, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 27 (1968) 180.
S. Anders, T. Stammler, C.S. Bhatia, J. Stohr, W. Fong, C.-Y. Chen and D.B. Bogy, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 571 (1998) 415.
G. Beamson and D. Briggs, High Resolution XPS of Organic Polymers. The Scienta ESCA 300 Database (Wiley, Chichester, 1992).
J.F. Moulder, W.R. Stickle, P.E. Sobol and K.D. Bomben, Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, eds. J. Chastain and R.C. King, Jr. (Physical Electronics, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN, 1995) p. 43.
V. Doan, R. Koppe and P.H. Kasai, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 (1997) 9810.
R.M. Silverstein, G.C. Bassler and T.C. Morrill, Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 3rd Ed. (Wiley, New York, 1974) p. 99.
P.H. Kasai, A. Wass and B.K. Yen, J. Info. Storage Proc. Syst. 1 (1999) 245.
R.J. Waltman, G.W. Tyndall and J. Pacansky, Langmuir 15 (1999) 6470.
Z. Zhao, B. Bhushan and C. Kajdas, J. Info. Storage Proc. Syst. 1 (1999) 259.
M.L. Williams, R.F. Landel and J.D. Ferry, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 (1955) 3701.
B. Marchon, T. Karis and V. Flores, in: Proc. Int. Tribol. Conference, Nagasaki, 2000.
G. Oshanin, S. Nechaev, A.M. Cazabat and M. Moreau, Phys. Rev. E 58 (1998) 6134.
J. Pacansky, M. Miller, W. Hatton, B. Liu and A. Scheiner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (1991) 329.
B.G. Min, J.W. Choi, H.R. Brown, D.Y. Yoon, T.M. O'Connor and M.S. Jhon, Tribol. Lett. 1 (1995) 225.
R.L. Galbraith, G.J. Kenvin and J.M. Poss, IEEE Trans. Magn. 28 (1992) 2731.
R.E. Nettleton, Phys. Fluids 3 (1960) 216.
J. Klein and E. Kumacheva, J. Chem. Phys. 108 (1998) 6996.
Y. Zhu and S. Granick, J. Rheol. 44 (2000) 1169.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karis, T. Tribochemistry in contact recording. Tribology Letters 10, 149–162 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009066508886
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009066508886