Abstract
This paper experimentally shows that mixed-initiative dialogue is not always more efficient than non-mixed initiative dialogue in route finding tasks. Based on the dialogue model proposed in Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis a lá the Birmingham school and Whittaker and Stenton's definition of initiative, we implement dialogue systems and obtain experimental results by making the systems interact with each other. Across a variety of instantiations of the dialogue model, the results show that with easy problems, the efficiency of mixed-initiative dialogue is a little better than or equal to that of non-mixed-initiative dialogue, while with difficult problems mixed-initiative dialogue is less efficient than non-mixed- initiative dialogue.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahrenberg, L., N. Dahlbäck, and A. Jonssön: 1995, Coding scheme for studies of natural language dialogue. In: Proceedings of AAAI Spring Symposium on Discourse Interpretation and Generation. Stanford University, California, USA, pp. 8–13.
Akamine, T., O. Furuse, and H. Iida: 1994, A comprehensive Japanese sentence generation for spoken language translation. Technical Report of Japan Society of Artificial IntelligenceSIG-J-94-01, 135–142. (in Japanese).
Allen, J., B. Miller, E. Ringger, and T. Sikorski: 1996, A robust system for natural spoken dialogue. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA, pp. 62–70.
Anderson, A. H., M. Bader, E. G. Bard, G. Doherty, S. Garrod, S. Isard, J. Kowtko, J. McAllister, J. Miller, C. Sotillo, H. Thompson, and R. Weinert: 1991, The HCRC maptask corpus. Languageand Speech 34(4), 351–366.
Cawsey, A.: 1993, Explanation and Interaction. The MIT Press.
Chu-Carroll, J. and M. K. Brown: 1998, An evidential model for tracking initiative in collaborative dialogue interaction. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction. 8(3–4), pp. 215–254.
Coulthard, M.: 1985, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. Longman.
Gross, D., J. Allen, and D. Traum: 1995, The TRAINS 91 dialogues. Technical report, Computer Science Department, The University of Rochester. TRAINS Technical Note 92-1.
Guinn, C. I.: 1998, Principles of mixed-initiative human-computer collaborative discourse. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction. 8(3–4), pp. 255–314.
Hasida, K. and Y. Den: 1997, A synthetic evaluation of dialogue systems. In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Human-Computer Communication. Grand Hotel Villa Serbelloni,Bellagio, Italy, pp. 77–82.
Ishizaki, M.: 1997, Mixed-initiative natural language dialogue with variable communicative modes. Ph.D. thesis, The Centre for Cognitive Science and The Department of Artificial Intelligence, The University of Edinburgh.
Levinson, S. C.: 1983, Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.
Moore, J. D.: 1994, Participating in Explanatory Dialogues. The MIT Press.
Paris, C.: 1993, User Modelling in Text Generation. Frances Pinter.
Schegloff, E. A. and H. Sacks: 1974, Opening up closings. In: Ethnomethodology: Selected Readings. Penguin Education, pp. 233–264.
Smith, R. W. and D. R. Hipp: 1994, Spoken Natural Language Dialogue Sytems. Oxford University Press.
Stenström, A. B.: 1994, An Introduction to Spoken Interaction. Longman.
Stubbs, M.: 1983, Discourse Analysis. Blackwell.
Tashiro, T. and T. Morimoto: 1995, A parsing toolkit for spoken language processing. Technical Report of Information Processing Society of JapanSIG-NL-95-106, 67–72. (in Japanese).
Walker, M. A. and S. Whittaker: 1990, Mixed initiative in dialogue: An investigation into discourse segment. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, pp. 70–78.
Whittaker, S. and P. Stenton: 1988, Cues and control in expert-client dialogues. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. State University, New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA, pp. 123–130.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ishizaki, M., Crocker, M. & Mellish, C. Exploring Mixed-Initiative Dialogue Using Computer Dialogue Simulation. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 9, 79–91 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008347908548
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008347908548