Abstract
This paper surveys the literature on trade in services, focusing on the policies that are used to restrict such trade, the gains from liberalization, and the institutional mechanisms that have been adopted in the pursuit of liberalization. The paper argues that technological progress and international trade negotiations are likely to keep liberalization of trade in services a high profile policy issue. It also suggests that the research agenda should focus on developing better estimates of the welfare costs of protectionism in the service sector.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Apte, Uday (1994) “Global Disaggregation of Services: Growth Engine for Developing Countries?” Southern Methodist University Business School, mimeo.
Audet, Denis (1996) “Market Access in Automobile Distribution.” The OECD Observer. Special edition, 11–12.
Bennethan, Esra, Luis Escobar, and George Panagakos (1989) “Deregulation of Shipping: What is to Be Learned from Chile?” World Bank Discussion Paper 67. Washington.
Bhagwati, Jagdish N. (1984) “Splintering and Disembodiment of Services and Developing Nations.” The World Economy 7, 133–144.
Binswanger, Hans, S. Khandker, and Mark Rosenzweig (1993) “Infrastructure and Financial Institutions Affect Agricultural Output and Investment in India.” Journal of Development Economics 41, 337–366.
Blomstrom, Magnus, and Robert Lipsey (1989) “US Multinationals in Latin American Service Industries. ” World Development 17, 1769–1776.
Böhme, Hans (1989) “The Economic Consequences of Restraints on Transportation in the International Market for Shipping Services.” In Yannopoulos George (ed.), Shipping Policies for an Open World Economy. London: Routledge.
Branscomb, Anne W. (1995) “Common Law for the Electronic Frontier.” Scientific American. Special issue, 160–163.
Brown, Druscilla, Alan Deardorff, Alan Fox, and Robert Stern (1996) “Computational Analysis of Goods and Services Liberalization in the Uruguay Round. In Will Martin and Alan Winters (eds.), The Uruguay Round and the Developing Economies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edvardsson B., L. Edvinsson, and H. Nystrom (1993) “Internationalization in Service Companies.” The Service Industries Journal 13, 80–97.
Engelbrecht, J. (1990) “New Perspectives on Intersectoral Relationships Between Manufacturing and Services.” Massey University, New Zealand, mimeo.
Ergas, Henry (1996) “International Trade in Telecommunications Services: An Economic Perspective. ” Mimeo.
Ford, Robert and Wim Suyker (1990) “Industrial Subsidies in the OECD Economies.” Working Paper No. 74. Paris: OECD.
Forge, Simon (1995) “The Consequences of Current Telecommunications Trends for the Competitiveness of Developing Countries.” Paper prepared for the Information for Development Program, The World Bank.
Francois, Joe and Kenneth Reinert (1996) “The Role of Services in the Structure of Production and Trade: Stylized Facts from a Cross-Country Analysis.” Asia-Pacific Economic Review 2, 35–43.
Francois, Joseph, Hugh Arce, Kenneth Reinert, and Joseph Flynn (1996) “Commercial Policy and the Domestic Carrying Trade; A General Equilibrium Assessment of the Jones Act.” Canadian Journal of Economics.
Francois, Joe, Douglas Nelson, and N. David Palmeter (1997) “Public Procurement in the United States: A Post-Uruguay Round Perspective.” In B. Hoekman and P. Mavroidis (eds.), Law and Policy in Public Purchasing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Galal, Ahmed (1993) “Regulation and Commitment in the Development of Telecommunications in Chile.” Policy Research Paper 1278, World Bank.
Griffin, Joseph and Michael Calabrese (1988) “Coping with Extraterritoriality Disputes.” Journal of World Trade 22, 5–26.
Hanna, Nagy (1994) Exploiting Information Technology for Development: A Case Study of India, World Bank.
Hill, Alice and Manuel Abdala (1993) “Regulation, Institutions and Commitment: Privatization and Regulation in the Argentine Telecommunications Sector.” Policy Research Working Paper 1216, The World Bank.
Hindley, Brian (1988) “Service Sector Protection: Considerations for Developing Countries.” World Bank Economic Review 2, 205–224.
Hoekman, Bernard (1994) “Conceptual and Political Economy Issues in Liberalizing Inter-national Transactions in Services.” In Alan Deardorff and Robert Stern (eds.), Analytical and Negotiating Issues in the Global Trading System. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Hoekman, Bernard (1995) “Trading Blocs and the Trading System: The Services Dimension.” Journal of Economic Integration 10, 1–31.
Hoekman, Bernard (1996) “An Assessment of the General Agreement on Trade in Services.” In Will Martin and L. Alan Winters (eds.), The Uruguay Round and the Developing Economies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hoekman, Bernard and Simeon Djankov (1997) “Towards a Free Trade Agreement with the European Union: Issues and Policy Options for Egypt.” In Ahmed Galal and Bernard Hoekman (eds.), Regional Partners in Global Markets: Limits and Possibilities of the Euro-Med Agreements. London: CEPR.
Hoekman, Bernard and Carlos A. Primo Braga (1996) “Trade in Services, the GATS and Asia.” Asia-Pacific Economic Review 2, 5–20.
Hoekman, Bernard and Pierre Sauv é (1994) Liberalizing Trade in Services. Discussion Paper No. 243, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Hughes Hallett, Andrew and Carlos A. Primo Braga (1994) “The New Regionalism and the Threat of Protectionism.” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 8, 388–421.
ITU (1997) World Telecommunication Development Report. Geneva: International Telecommunication Union (forthcoming).
Jones, Ronald W. and Henryk Kierzkowski (1990) “The Role of Services in Production and Inter-national Trade: A Theoretical Framework.” In R.W. Jones and A.D. Krueger (eds.), The Political Economy of International Trade: Essays in Honor of Robert E. Baldwin. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, pp. 31–48.
Kaspar, Daniel (1988) Deregulation and Globalization: Liberalizing International Trade in Air Services. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Kessides, Christine (1993) “Institutional Options for the Provision of Infrastructure. World Bank Discussion Paper 212.
Li, Jiato and Stephen Guisinger (1992) “Globalization of Service Multinationals in the “Triad” Regions.” Journal of International Business Studies, 23(4), 675–696.
MacKie-Mason, Jeffrey K., and Hal R. Varian (1993) “Pricing the Internet.” Paper Presented at the Conference “Public Access to the Internet.” JFK School of Government. Mimeo.
Noyelle, Thierry and Anna Dutka (1988) International Trade in Business Services. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Park, Se-Hark and Kenneth Chan (1989) “A Cross-Country Input-Output Analysis of Intersectoral Relationships between Manufacturing and Services.” World Development 17, 199–212.
Pipe, Russell (1994) “Services Trade Growth in Asia and the Pacific Through Telecommunications.” UNCTAD, mimeo.
Primo Braga, Carlos A. (1996) “The Impact of the Internationalization of Services on Developing Countries.” Finance & Development (March), 34–37.
Quartel, R. (1991) “America's Welfare Fleet: The Need for Maritime Policy Reform.” Regulation 14, 58–67.
Sampson, Gary and Richard Snape (1985) “Identifying the Issues in Trade in Services.” World Economy 8, 171–181.
Sapir, Andrè and Chantal Winter (1992) “Services Trade.” In David Greenaway and L. Alan Winters (eds.), Surveys in International Trade. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Sauvant, Karl and Zbigniew Zimny (1987) “Foreign Direct Investment in Services: The Neglected Dimension in International Service Negotiations.” World Competition 31, 27–55.
Sauvant, Karl (1986a) Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in Data Services. Boulder: Westview Press.
Sauvant, Karl (1986b) International Transactions in Services: The Politics of Transborder Data Flows. Boulder: Westview Press.
Sauvant, Karl (1990) “The Tradability of Services.” In P.A. Messerlin and K. Sauvant (eds.), The Uruguay Round: Services in the World Economy. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank and New York: United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations.
Schware, Robert and Susan Hume (1994) “The Global Information Industry and the Eastern Caribbean.” Viewpoint. The World Bank, No. 17.
Senti, Richard (1986) “Protectionism in International Insurance Transactions.” Intereconomics, 246–250.
Smith, Peter and Gregory Staple (1994) Telecommunications Sector Reform in Asia. World Bank.
Stibora, Joachim and Albert de Vaal (1995) Services and Services Trade: A Theoretical Inquiry. Rotterdam: Netherlands Economic Institute.
UNCTAD and World Bank (1994) Liberalizing International Transactions in Services: A Handbook. Geneva: United Nations.
United States International Trade Commission (1991) The Economic Effects of Significant U.S. Import Restraints, Phase III: Services. Washington: USITC Publication 2442.
Uno, K. (1989) Measurement of Services in an Input-Output Framework. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Wellenius, Bjorn et al. (eds.) (1989) Restructuring and Managing the Telecommunications Sector. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
White (1988) International Trade in Ocean Shipping Services. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
World Bank (1993) Latin America and the Caribbean: A Decade after the Debt Crisis. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
World Bank (1995) Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
WTO (1996) Annual Report. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hoekman, B., Braga, C.A.P. Protection and Trade in Services: A Survey. Open Economies Review 8, 285–308 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008246932328
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008246932328