Skip to main content
Log in

Survey Accuracy as a Function of Usage Rate

  • Published:
Marketing Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Using a large-scale AT&T database, we decompose usage levels into frequency and duration, and then investigate how they affect survey response accuracy. Results show that more accurate surveys are obtained from those in the high frequency group (possibly because of the increased use of the more accurate rate-based method of recall and higher degrees of regularity), and from those in the longer duration group (possibly because of increased involvement). We therefore suggest that the survey method is less suited for light users because of higher error, and that alternative methods such as diaries might be more appropriate. We also found similarly consistent results with respect to self-perception of usage rate and the accuracy of survey recall.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Belk, Russell W. (1981). 'Effect of Gift Giving Involvement on Gift Selection Strategies.' In Andrew Mitchell (ed.), Advances in Consumer Research 9. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research, 408–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bickart, Barbara and E. Marla Felcher. (1996). 'Expanding and Enhancing the Use of Verbal Protocols in Survey Research.' In N. Schwarz and S. Sudman (eds.), Answering Questions for Determining Cognitive and Communication Processes in Survey Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 115–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, Edward and Scot Burton. (1987). 'Cognitive Processes Used by Survey Respondents to Answer Behavioral Frequency Questions,' Journal of Consumer Research 14, 280–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, Peter H. and Marsha L. Richins. (1983). 'A Theoretical Model for the Study of Product Importance Perceptions,' Journal of Marketing 47(Summer), 69–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradburn, Norman M., Lance J. Rips, and Steven K. Sherwell. (1987). 'Answering Autobiographical Questions: The Impact of Memory and Inference on Surveys,' Science 10 (April), 157–161.

  • Brewer, William F. (1986). 'What is Autobiographical Memory?' In David C. Rubin (ed.), Autobiographical Memory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 25–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, William F. (1988). 'Memory for Randomly Sampled Autobiographical Events.' In Ulric Neisser and Eugene Winograd (eds.), Remembering Reconsidered Ecological and Traditional Approaches to the Study of Memory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 21–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burt, Christopher D.B. (1993). 'The effect of Actual Event Duration and Even Memory on the Reconstruction of Duration Information,' Applied Cognitive Psychology 7, 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, Scot and Edward Blair. (1991). 'Task Conditions, Response Formulation Processes, and Response Accuracy for Behavioral Frequency Questions in Surveys,' Public Opinion Quarterly 55, 50–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmon, Ziv, J. George Shanthikumar, and Tali F. Carmon (1995), 'A Psychological Perspective on Service Segmentation Models: The Significance of Accounting for Consumers' Perception of Waiting Time and Service,' Management Science, 41(11), 1801–1815.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, Keith and Russell W. Belk. (1978). 'The Effects of Product Involvement with Task Definition on Anticipated Consumer Effort.' In H. Keith Hunt (ed.), Advances in Consumer Research 5, ed. H. Keith Hunt, Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research, 313–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, Frederick and Norman Brown. (1994). 'Strategies for Estimating Category Frequency: Effects of Abstractness and Distinctiveness,' American Statistical Association Proceedings of the Section on Survey Method Research.

  • Conrad, Frederick, Norman Brown, and Erin Cashman. (1998). 'Strategies for Estimating Behavioral Frequency in Survey Interviews,' Memory 6(4), 333–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felcher, Marsha and Bobby Calder. (1991). 'A Psychological Theory of Survey Responses: The Case of Behavioral Frequency Questions,' Working Paper, Dept. of Marketing, Northwestern University.

  • Greene, R.L. (1984). 'Incidental Learning of Event Frequency,' Memory and Cognition 12, 90–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, Anthony G. and Clark Levitt. (1984). 'Audience Involvement in Advertising: Four Levels,' Journal of Consumer Research 11 (June), 581–592.

  • Grootaert, Christian. (1986). 'The Use of Multiple Diaries in a Household Expenditure Survey in Hong Kong,' Journal of the American Statistical Association 81 (December), 938–944.

  • Hasher L., and R.T. Zacks. (1979). 'Automatic and Effortful Processes in Memory,' Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 356–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasher L., and R.T. Zacks. (1984). 'Automatic Processing of Fundamental Information: The Case of Frequency of Occurrence,' American Psychologist 39 (12), 1372–1388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, Michael J. and Michael L. Rothschild. (1978). 'Conceptual and Methodological Perspectives in Involvement,' in Research Frontiers in Marketing: Dialogues and Directions, ed. S. Jain. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 184–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, Michael Y., Rex S. Toh, and Eunkyu Lee. (1996). 'Impact of the Level of Aggregation on Response Accuracy in Surveys of Behavioral Frequency,' Marketing Letters 7 (October), 371–382.

  • Huttenlocker, Janellen, Larry V. Hedges, and Norman Bradburn (1990), 'Reports of Elapsed Time: Bounding and Rounding Processes in Estimation,' Journal of Experimental psychology 16(2), 196–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jabine, Thomas B., Miron L. Straf, Judith M. Tanur, and Roger Tourangeau. (1984). Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology: Building a Bridge Between Disciplines. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Wesley and James R. Lang. (1980). 'Sample Composition Bias and Response Bias in a Mail Survey: A Comparison of Inducement Methods,' Journal of Marketing Research 17 (February), 69–76.

  • Krishna, Aradhna (1991). 'Effects of Dealing Patterns on Consumer Perception of Deal Frequency and Willingness to Pay,' Journal of Marketing Research 28 (November), 441–451.

  • Kumar, Piyush, Manohar U. Kalwani, and Maqbool Dada (1997). 'The Impact of Waiting Time Guarantees on Customers' Waiting Experiences,' Marketing Science, 16 (4), 295–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lansing, John B., Gerald P. Ginsberg, and Kaiso Braaten. (1961). 'An Investigation of Response Error,' in Studies of Consumer Finances #2, Bureau of Economics and Business, University of Illinois.

  • Lee, Eunkyu, Michael Y. Hu, and Rex S. Toh. (2000). 'Are Survey Results Distorted? Systematic Impact of Behavioral Frequency and Duration on Survey Response Errors,' Journal of Marketing Research, 37 (February) 125–133.

  • Lessler, Judith, H. Mitzel, William Salter, and Roger Tourangeau. (1985). Cognitive Aspects of Questionnaire Design: Part A Report, Chicago: NORC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linton, Marigold. (1978). 'Real World Memory After Six years: An In Vivo Study of Very Long Term Memory.' In Michael M. Greneberg et al. (eds.), Practical Aspects of Memory. New York: Academic Press, 77–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linton, Marigold. (1982). 'Transformation of Memory in Everyday Life.' In U. Neisser (ed.), Memory Observed Remembering in Natural Context. San Francisco: Freeman, 50–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, Elizabeth, Stephen E. Fieberg, and Janice M. Tanor. (1985). 'Cognitive Psychology Meets the National Survey,' American Psychologist 40 (February), 175–180.

  • McKenzie, John. (1983). 'The Accuracy of Telephone Call Data Collected by Diary Methods,' Journal of Marketing Research 20 (November), 417–427.

  • Menon, Geeta. (1993). 'The Effects of Accessibility of Information in Memory on Judgements of Behavioral Frequencies,' Journal of Consumer Research 20 (December), 431–440.

  • Menon, Geeta. (1997). 'Are the Parts Better than the Whole? The Effects of Decompositional Questions on Judgments of Frequency Behaviors,' Journal of Marketing Research 34 (August), 335–346.

  • Menon, Geeta, Priva Raghubir, and Norbert Schwarz. (1995). 'Behavioral Frequency Judgments: An Accessibility-Diagnostic Framework,' Journal of Consumer Research 22 (September), 212–228.

  • Mullen, Barbara J., Nora K. Krantzler, and Louis E. Grivetti (1984), 'Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for the Determination of Individual Food Intake,' The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39 (January), 136–143.

  • Parfitt, John H. (1967), 'A Comparison of Purchase Recall with Diary Panel Records,' Journal of Advertising Research 16 (February), 39–47.

  • Ross, Lee. (1984). 'Thoughts and Estimates About Past and Future Behavior.' In Thomas M. Jabine et al. (eds.), Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology: Building a Bridge Between Discipline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 61–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmittlein, David C., Lee G. Cooper, and Donald G. Morrison. (1993). 'Truth in Concentration in the Land of (80/20) Laws,' Marketing Science 12(2), 167–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, Norbert. (1990). 'Assessing Frequency Reports of Mundane Behavior: Contribution of Cognitive Psychology to Questionnaire Construction.' In Clyde Hendrick and Margaret S. Clark (eds.), Research Methods in Personality and Social Psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 98–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, Norbert, and Seymour Sudman. (1994). Autobiographical Memory and the Validity of Retrospective Reports, New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanton, John L. and Louis A. Tucci. (1982). 'The Measurement of Consumption: A Comparison of Surveys and Diaries,' Journal of Marketing Research 19, 274–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strube, Gerhard. (1987). 'Answering Survey Questions: The Role of Memory,' in Social Information Processing and Survey Methodology. In Han J. Hipper et al.. (eds). New York: Springer, 86–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudman, Seymour. (1964). 'On the Accuracy of Recording of Consumer Panels: I,' Journal of Marketing Research 1 (May), 14–20.

  • Sudman, Seymour, and Norman M. Bradburn. (1974). Response Effects in Surveys: Review and Synthesis Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toh, Rex S. and Michael Y. Hu. (1996). 'Natural Mortality and Participation Fatigue as Potential Biases in Diary Panels: Impact of Some Demographic Factors and Behavioral Characteristics on Systematic Attrition,' Journal of Business Research 35(2), 129–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tourangeau, Roger, Judith Lessler, and William Salter. (1985). Cognitive Aspects of Questionnaire Design: Part B Report. Chicago: NARC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagenaar, William A. (1986). 'My Memory: A Study of Autobiographical Memory Over Six Years,' Cognitive Psychology 18 (April), 225–252.

  • Wheat, Rita and Donald G. Morrison. (1990). 'Estimating Purchase Regularity with Two Interpurchase Times,' Journal of Marketing Research 27 (February), 87–93.

  • White, Richard T. (1982). 'Memory for Personal Events,' Human Learning 1, 171–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K.W. and F.T. Durso. (1986). 'Judgment Category Frequency: Automaticity or Availability?' Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 12, 387–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wind, Yoram and David Lerner. (1979). 'On the Measurement of Purchase Data: Surveys Versus Purchase Diaries,' Journal of Marketing Research 16 (February), 39–47.

  • Zaichkowsky, Judith L. (1985). 'Measuring the Involvement Construct,' Journal of Consumer Research 12 (December), 341–352.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hu, M.Y., Toh, R.S. & Lee, E. Survey Accuracy as a Function of Usage Rate. Marketing Letters 11, 335–348 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008185113019

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008185113019

Navigation