Skip to main content
Log in

Labor Productivity in the Efficiency-Wage Model: A Consideration of the Firm's Death Rate

  • Published:
Small Business Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

It is inappropriate to equate the "representative firm" with the typical firm, particularly for economies which consist of small enterprises where a large number of jobs are created or disappear as establishments are born or die. If workers care about the job disappearance risk, their utility and effort offered will be influenced by the death rate of firms. This paper sets out an efficiency-wage model and takes the probability of the firm's closure into account. By extension, it is shown that equilibrium labor productivity is plausibly procyclical under certain circumstances, which is consistent with the stylized facts observed in many countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Reference

  • Aizcorbe, A. M., 1992, ‘Procyclical Labor Productivity, Increasing Returns to Labor and Labor Hoarding in Car Assembly Plant Employment’, Economic Journal 102(413), 860–873.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albercht, J. and S. Vroman, 1992, ‘Dual Labor Markets, Efficiency Wages and Search’, Journal of Labor Economics 10(1), 438–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akerlof, G. and J. Yellen, 1986, Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market, Cambridge University Press.

  • Basu, S., 1996, ‘Procyclical Productivity: Increasing Returns or Cyclical Utilization’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 111(3), 719–751.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bils, M. and J. O. Cho, 1994, ‘Cyclical Factor Utilization’, Journal of Monetary Economics 33(2), 319–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caballero, R, J. and R. K. Lyons, 1992, ‘External Effects in U.S. Procyclical Productivity’, Journal of Monetary Economics 29, 209–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C. M., 1993, ‘Do Firms Pay Efficiency Wages? Evidence with Data at the Firm Level’, Journal of Labor Economics 11(3), 442–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, D. W. and J. M. Perloff, 1990, Modern Industrial Organization, Scott, Foresman and Company.

  • Chatterji, M. and R. Sparks, 1991, ‘Real Wages, Productivity, and the Cycle: An Efficiency Wage Model’, Journal of Macroeconomics 13(3), 495–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chirinko, R. S., 1995, ‘Nonconvexities, Labor Hoarding, Technology Shocks, and Procyclical Productivity: A Structural Econometric Analysis’, Journal of Econometrics 66, 61–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fay, J. and J. Medoff, 1985, ‘Labor and Output over the Business Cycle: Some Direct Evidence’, American Economic Review 75(4), 638–655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. J., 1987, ‘Productivity, Wages, and Prices Inside and Outside of Manufacturing in the U.S., Japan, and Europe’, European Economic Review 31, 685–733.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamermesh, D., 1993, Labor Demand, Princeton University Press.

  • Hall, R. E., 1986, ‘Market Structure and macroeconomic Fluctuations’, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 285–338.

  • Horning, B. C., 1994, ‘Labor Hoarding and the Business Cycle’, International Economic Review 35(1), 87–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jun, S., 1998, ‘Procyclical Multifactor Productivity: Tests of the Current Theories’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 30(1), 51–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kydland, F. E. and E. C. Prescott, 1982, ‘Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations’, Econometrica 50, 1345–1370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, J., 1987, ‘Carrots and Sticks: Pay, Supervision and Turnover’, Journal of Labor Economics 5(4), Part 2, 1336–1151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C. C. and C. C. Lai, 1994, ‘The Turnover Costs and the Solow Condition in an Efficiency Wage Model with Intertemporal Optimization’, Economic Letters 45, 501–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayshar, J. and Y. Halevy, 1997, ‘Shiftwork’, Journal of Labor Economics 15(1), Part 2, 198–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pisauro, G., 1991, ‘The Effect of Taxes on Labor in Efficiency Wage Model’, Journal of Public Economics, 329–345.

  • Rosen, S., 1974, ‘Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets: Product Differentiation in Pure Competition’, Journal of Political Economy 82, 34–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sbordone, A. M., 1997, ‘Interpreting the Procyclical Productivity of Manufacturing Sectors: External Effects or Labor Hoarding’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 29(1), 26–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Sørensen, T. B., 1990, ‘The Equilibrium Effort-Wage Elasticity in Efficiency-Wage Models’, Economic Letters 32, 365–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, C. and J. Stiglitz, 1984, ‘Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device’, American Economic Review 74, 433–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strand, J., 1992, ‘Business Cycles with Worker Moral Hazard’, European Economic Review 36, 1291–1303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, D. H., 1999, Small Firms in the Japanese Economy, University of Cambridge.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Huang, LH. Labor Productivity in the Efficiency-Wage Model: A Consideration of the Firm's Death Rate. Small Business Economics 14, 149–155 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008115601139

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008115601139

Keywords

Navigation