Abstract
Recent knowledge of the kinetics and intercalation mechanisms are summarized and accompanied by examples of intercalation reactions of water and ethanol into anhydrous vanadyl phosphate and redox intercalation of alkali metal cations into vanadyl phosphate dihydrate. Three possible mechanisms of intercalation are presented which are based on: (i) a concept of exfoliation of layers; (ii) the formation of stages and randomly stacked layers; (iii) co-existence of intercalated and non-intercalated parts of crystals of the host separated by an advancing phase boundary. The corresponding kinetic curves are ascribed to mechanisms (ii) and (iii).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. S. Whittingham and A. J. Jacobson (Eds.): Intercalation Chemistry, Academic Press, New York (1982).
G. Alberti and T. Bein (Eds.): Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 7, Elsevier, Oxford (1996).
A. Clearfield: Chem. Rev. 88, 125 (1988).
G. Alberti: Acc. Chem. Res. 11, 163 (1978).
G. A. Scholz, R. F. Frindt, and A.E. Curcon: Physica Stat. Solidi (a) 72, 483 (1982).
M. S. Whittingham and M. B. Dines: Surv. Prog. Chem. 9, 55 (1980).
N. Daumas and A. Hérold: C. R. Seances. Acad. Sci., Ser. C 268, 373 (1969).
D. C. Johnston and S. P. Flysinger: Phys. Rev. B 30, 980 (1984).
M. Watanabe, D. C. Dahn, B. Blackford, and M. H. Jericho: J. Microscopy 152, 175 (1988).
K. J. McKelvy and W. S. Glaunsinger: Solid State Ionics 25, 287 (1985).
S. A. Safran and D. R. Hamann: Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1410 (1979).
S. A. Safran: Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 937 (1980).
G. Kirczenow: Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2810 (1985).
S. E. Ulloa and G. Kirczenow: Phys. Rev. B 33, 1360 (1986).
W. Biberacher, A. Lerf, J. O. Besenhard, H. Möhwald, and T. Butz: Mat. Res. Bull. 17, 1385 (1982).
N. Iwashita and M. Inagaki: Tanso 149, 204 (1991): CA 116, 257 239q (1992).
J. Votinský, J. Kalousová, L. Beneš, I. Baudyšová, and V. Zima: J. Incl. Phenom. 15, 71 (1993).
S. M. Clark, J. S. O. Evans, D. O'Hare, C. J. Nuttall, and H. V. Wong: J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 809 (1994).
J. Votinský and L. Beneš: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 56, 2859 (1991).
L. Beneš and V. Zima: J. Incl. Phenom. 20, 381 (1995).
V. Zima, L. Beneš, J. Málek, and M. Vlček: Mat. Res. Bull. 29, 687 (1994).
S. Hendricks and E. Teller: J. Chem. Phys. 10, 147 (1942).
L. Beneš, V. Zima, I. Baudyšová, and J. Votinský: J. Incl. Phenom. 26, 311 (1996).
J. W. Johnson and A. J. Jacobson: Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 22, 412 (1983).
J. A. Jacobson, J. W. Johnson, J. F. Brody, J. C. Scanlon, and J. T. Lewandowski: Inorg. Chem. 24, 1782 (1985).
V. A. Zazhigalov, A. J. Pyatnitskaya, I. V. Bachevikova, G. A. Komashko, G. Ladwig, and V. M. Belousov: React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 23, 119 (1983).
N. Casan-Pastor, D. Beltran-Porter, and E. Martinez-Tamayo: Neuv. J. Etude Equil. Phases. 77 (1983).
R. Šišková, L. Beneš, V. Zima, M. Vlček, J. Votinský, and J. Kalousová: Polyhedron 12, 181 (1993).
V. Zima, L. Beneš, R. Šišková, P. Fatěna, and J. Votinský: Solid State Ionics 67, 277 (1994).
V. Zima, L. Beneš, J. Votinský, and J. Kalousová: Solid State Ionics 82, 33 (1995).
L. Beneš, K. Melánová, V. Zima, J. Kalousová, and J. Votinský: Inorg. Chem. 36, 2850 (1997).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Beneš, L., Melánová, K., Zima, V. et al. Possible Mechanisms of Intercalation. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena 31, 275–286 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007976213743
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007976213743