Skip to main content
Log in

Institutional Investors Tilt Their Real Estate Holdings Toward Quality, Too

  • Published:
The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article confirms and extends prior results regarding tilting of institutional investment in common stock toward quality. The evidence presented here suggests that, while both real estate investment trusts and institutional investors tilt their real estate holdings toward quality, the tilt is much more pronounced in the case of institutional investors. Controlling for quality, there is further evidence that institutional investors overweight locations where the share of local employment in business services, finance, insurance, and real estate, and transportation is relatively high (compared to national averages). This evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that significant sector tilting by institutional investors is induced by the constraints of the prudent man rule.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Angel, S., and S. K. Mayo. (1996). "Enabling Policies and Their Effects on Housing Sector Performance: A Global Comparison," Paper presented at the Habitat II Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, June.

  • Badrinath, S. G., G. Gay, and J. Kale. (1989). "Patterns of Institutional Investment, Prudence, and the Managerial 'safety-Net' Hypothesis," Journal of Risk and Insurance 56, 605–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, F. (1976). "The Investment Policy Spectrum: Individuals, Endowment Funds, and Pension Funds," Financial Analysts Journal 32, 23–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowbrick, P. (1992). The Economics of Quality, Grades and Brands. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlino, G. A. (1995). "Education and Training Lead to Faster Growth in Cities?" Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review (January–February), 15–22.

  • Carlino, G. A. (1998). "Trends in Metropolitan Employment Growth," Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review (July–August), 13–22.

  • Carlino, G. A., and E. S. Mills. (1987). "The Determinants of County Growth," Journal of Regional Science 27, 39–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corgel, J. B., and G. D. Gay. (1987). "Local Economic Base, Geographic Diversification, and Risk Management of Mortgage Portfolios," AREUEA Journal 15, 256–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corporation for Enterprise Development. (1992). Making the Grade: The 1992 Development Report Card for the States. Washington, DC: CED.

    Google Scholar 

  • Del Guercio, D. (1996). "The Distorting Effect of the Prudent-Man Laws on Institutional Equity Investments," Journal of Financial Economics 40, 31–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterly, W., M. Kremer, L. Pritchett, and L. H. Summers. (1993). "Good Policy or Good Luck? Country Growth Performance and Temporary Shocks," Journal of Monetary Economics 32.

  • Edel, M., and E. Sclar. (1974). "Taxes, Spending and Property Values: Supply Adjustment in a Tiebout-Oates Model," Journal of Political Economy (September), 941–954.

  • Emrath, P., and E. Dubin. (1994). "Variation in Residential Property Tax Rates," National Association of Homebuilders Housing Economics (November), 5–10.

  • Ennis, R. M., and P. Burik. (1991). "The Influence of Non-Risk Factors on Real Estate Holdings of Pension Funds," Financial Analysts Journal, 44–55.

  • Falkenstein, E. (1996). "Preferences for Stock Characteristics as Revealed by Mutual Fund Portfolio Holdings," Journal of Finance 51, 111–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firstenberg, P. M., S. A. Ross, and R. C. Zisler. (1988). "Real Estate: The Whole Story," Journal of Portfolio Management 14, 22–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogler, H. R. (1984). "20 Percent in Real Estate: Can Theory Justify It?" Journal of Portfolio Management 10, 6–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gompers, P. A., and A. Metrick. (1998). "Institutional Investors and Equity Prices," NBER Working Paper No. 6723.

  • Grenadier, S. R. (1996). "The Strategic Exercise of Options: An Application to Real Estate Development," Journal of Finance 51, 1653–1679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gyourko, J., M. Kahn, and J. Tracy. (1999). "Quality of Life and Environmental Comparisons," In Paul Chesire and Edwin S. Mills (eds.), Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics. North Holland.

  • Gyourko, J., and E. Nelling. (1996). "Systemic Risk and Diversification in the Equity REIT Market," Real Estate Economics 4, 493–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartzell, D., J. Hekman, and M. Miles. (1986). "Diversification Categories in Investment Real Estate," AREUEA Journal 14, 230–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartzell, D. J., R. J. Pittman, and D. H. Downs. (1994). "An Updated Look at the Size of the U.S. Real Estate Market Portfolio," Journal of Real Estate Research 9, 197–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartzell, D., D. Shulman, and C. Wurtzebach. (1987). "Refining the Analysis of Regional Diversification for Income-Producing Real Estate," Journal of Real Estate Research 2, 85–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, J. V. (1974). "The Sizes and Types of Cities," American Economic Review 64, 640–656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, J. V. (1983). "Industrial Bases and City Size," American Economic Review 73, 164–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, J. V., A. Kuncoro, and M. Turner. (1995). "Industrial Development in Cities," Journal of Political Economy 103(5), 1067–1090.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holthausen, R., and R. Leftwich. (1986). "The Effect of Bond Rating Changes on Common Stock Prices," Journal of Financial Economics 17, 57–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulten, C. R., and F. C. Wykoff. (1980). "Economic Depreciation and the Taxation of Structures in United States Manufacturing Industries: An Empirical Analysis," In D. Usher (ed.), The Measurement of Capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press for NBER.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibbotson, R. C., and L. B. Siegel. (1984). "Real Estate Returns: A Comparison with Other Investments," AREUEA Journal 12, 219–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibbotson, R. G., L. B. Siegel, and K. S. Love. (1985). "World Wealth: Market Values and Returns," Journal of Portfolio Management (Fall), 4–23.

  • Ingene, C., and E. S. H. Yu. (1981). "Determinants of Retail Sales in SMSAs," Regional Science and Urban Economics 11, 529–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killian, M. S., and T. Parker. (1991). "Education and Local Employment Growth in a Changing Economy," In USDA: Education and Rural Economic Development: Strategies for the 1990s. ERS Staff Report No. AGES 9153.

  • King, R. G., and S. Rebelo. (1990). "Public Policy and Economic Growth: Developing Neoclassical Implications," Journal of Political Economy (October) (Suppl.).

  • Kusmin, Lorin. (1994). Factors Associated with the Growth of Local and Regional Economies: A Review of Selected Empirical Literature. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakonishok, J., A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny. (1994). "Contrarian Investment, Extrapolation, and Risk," Journal of Finance 49, 1541–1578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang, Y., andW. McIntosh. (1998). "Employment Growth and Real Estate Returns: Are They Linked?" Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management 4(2), 125–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, J., S. McCarron, M. Miles, and C. F. Sirmans. (1996). "Location Differences in Private and Public Real Estate Investment," Real Estate Finance (Summer), 52–64.

  • Malizia, E. E. (1991). "Forecasting Demand for Commercial Real Estate Based on the Economic Fundamentals of U.S. Metro Markets," Journal of Real Estate Research 6(3), (Fall), 251–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malizia, E. E., and R. A. Simons. (1991). "Comparing Regional Classsifications for Real Estate Portfolio Diversification," Journal of Real Estate Research 6(1) (Spring), 53–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malpezzi, S. (1999). "A Simple Error-Correction Model of Housing Prices," Journal of Housing Economics 8, 27–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malpezzi, S., G. Chun, and R. Green. (1998). "New Place to Place Housing Price Indexes for U.S. Metropolitan Areas, and Their Determinants: An Application of Housing Indicators," Real Estate Economics 26(2) (Summer), 235–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malpezzi, S., and W.-K. Guo. (1999). "Alternative Measures of Urban Form in U.S. Metropolitan Areas," University of Wisconsin, Center for Urban Land Economics Research Working Paper.

  • Malpezzi, S., J. D. Shilling, and Y. Yang. (1997). "The Stock of Private Real Estate Capital in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Measurement and Determinants," University ofWisconsin, Center for Urban Land Economics Research.

  • Marshall, A. (1961). Principles of Economics (9th ed.) Reprinted New York: Macmillan. Originally published in 1890.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, A. C. (1982). "A Simultaneous Equations Model of Migration and Economic Change in Non-Metropolitan Areas." Journal of Regional Science 22(4) (November), 513–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. E., and T. McCue. (1984). "Diversification in the Real Estate Portfolio." Journal of Real Estate Research 7, 17–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, G. R. (1993). "Refining Economic Diversification Strategies for Real Estate Portfolios." Journal of Real Estate Research 8(1) (Winter), 55–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, Glenn R., and A. Z. Barry. (1992). "Real Estate Portfolio Diversification Using Economic Diversification." Journal of Real Estate Research 7(4) (Fall), 375–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papke, L. (1987). "Subnational Taxation and Capital Mobility: Estimates of Tax-Price Elasticities." National Tax Journal (June).

  • Plaut, T. R., and E. P. Joseph. (1983). "Business Climate, Taxes and Expenditures, and State Industrial Growth in the United States." Southern Economic Journal 50, 99–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollakowski, H. O., M. W. Susan, and L. Lloyd. (1992). "Did Office Market Size Matter in the 1980s? ATime-Series Cross-Sectional Analysis of Metropolitan Area Office Markets." AREUEA Journal 20(2) (Summer), 303–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sander, W., and V. S. Peter. (1991). "Schooling and Urban Employment Change." Journal of Economics and Business 43, 69–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savageau, D., and B. Richard. (1993). Places Rated Almanac (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.

  • Shefrin, H., and M. Statman. (1995). "Making Sense of Beta, Size, and Book-to-Market." Journal of Portfolio Management 21, 26–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shilton, L., and C. Stanley. (1995). "Spatial Filtering: Concentration or Dispersion of NCREIF Institutional Investment." Journal of Real Estate Research 10(5), 569–582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shilton, L., and C. Stanley. (1996). "Spatial Concentration of Institutional Property Ownership: New Wave Atomistic or Old Time Demand Gradient." Journal of Real Estate Research 12(3), 413–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shilton, L., C. Stanley, and J. Tandy. (1996). "The Top Thirty Counties of Institutionally Owned Real Estate." Real Estate Review, 54–59.

  • Shilton, L., and R. W. James. (1991). "Office Employment Growth and the Changing Function of Cities." Journal of Real Estate Research 7, 73–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shleifer, A. (1986) "Do Demand Curves for Stocks Slope Down?" Journal of Finance 41, 579–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, C. J. (1998) "Human Capital and Metropolitan Employment Growth." Journal of Urban Economics 43, 223–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasylenko, M., and T. J. McGuire. (1985). "Jobs and Taxes: The Effect of Business Climate on States' Employment Growth Rates." National Tax Journal 38(4) (December), 497–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, W. C. (1987). "The Cyclic Behavior of the National Office Market." AREUEA Journal 15, 281–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, W. C., and R. G. Torto. (1990). "An Investment Model of the Demand and Supply for Industrial Real Estate." AREUEA Journal 18, 530–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zisler, R. D. (1980). "Real Estate Portfolio Management." In J. L. Maginn and D. L. Tuttle (eds.), Managing Investment Portfolios. New York: Warren, Gorham & Lamont.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Malpezzi, S., Shilling, J.D. Institutional Investors Tilt Their Real Estate Holdings Toward Quality, Too. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 21, 113–140 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007887725508

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007887725508

Keywords

Navigation