Skip to main content
Log in

Sexual Liberalism as a Determinant of Consumer Response to Sex in Advertising

  • Published:
Journal of Business and Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The use of sex in advertising continues unabated, public outcry against it notwithstanding. Although some sex in ads might sell, as advertisers obviously believe to be the case, the question is, when is the use of sex appropriate, and for which target audiences? The present research examines this question, with consumer data from a study where consumers were shown an ad with either low or high sexual content. Results show that while the ad with high sexual content was uniformly judged to be ethically more unjust (compared to ads with low sexual content), the adverse effect on attitude toward the ad is not obtained for all consumers. Our results show that it depends on the sexual liberalism of the audience and on whether or not the use of sex is considered manipulative. Our research suggests that advertising professionals should assess sexual liberalism of their target audience and use sex only within the requisites of the communication task.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Alexander, M. Wayne & Judd Jr., Ben (1986). Differences in Attitudes towards Nudity in Advertising. Psychology, A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior, 23 (January), 27–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boddewyn, Jean J. (1991). Controlling Sex and Decency in Advertising Around the World. Journal of Advertising, 20 (December), 25–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Courtney, A.E. & Whipple, T.W. (1983). Sex Stereotyping in Advertising, Lexington, MA: D.C. Health and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, John B. & LaTour, Michael S. (1993). Differing Reactions to Female Role Portrayals in Advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 33 (September/October), 43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, John B., LaTour, Michael S. & Lundstrom, William J. (1991). Contemporary Women's Evaluation of Female Role Portrayals in Advertising. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 8 (Winter), 15–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, Stephen J. (1994). Sexuality and Ethics in Advertising: A Framework and Research Agenda. Journal of Advertising, 23 (December), 180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henthorne, Tony L., LaTour, Michael S. & Nataraajan, Rajan (1993). Fear Appeals in Print Advertising: An Analysis of Arousal and Response. Journal of Advertising, 22 (June), 59–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henthorne, Tony L., & LaTour, Michael S. (1995). A Model to Explore the Ethics of Erotic Stimuli in Print Advertising. Journal of Business Ethics, 14 (July), 561–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaTour, Michael S. & Henthorne, Tony L. (1993). Female Nudity: Attitudes towards the Ad and the Brand, and Implications for Advertising Strategy. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 10 (3), 25–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • ____ (1994). Ethical Judgments of Sexual Appeals in Print Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 23 (September), 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Cyndee (1982). No Sex, Please; We're Censors. Marketing News, 26 (March 16), 1 & 17.

  • Mittal, Banwari (1990). The Relative Roles of Brand Beliefs and Attitude Toward the Ad as Mediators of Brand Attitude: A Second Look. Journal of Marketing Research, 27 (May), 209–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • ____ (1994). Public Assessment of TV Advertising: Faint Praise and Harsh Criticism. Journal of Advertising Research, 33 (January/February), 35–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pease, Otis A. (1980). Teaching Americans to Consume: A Reappraising of Advertising as a Social Force in Advertising and the Public (Ed.) Royzoll, Kim B., pp. 1–15, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollay, Richard, W. (1986). The Distorted Mirror: Reflections on the Unintended Consequences of Advertising. Journal of Marketing, 50 (Spring), 18–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollay, Richard, W. & Mittal, Banwari (1993). Here's the Beef: Factors, Determinants, and Segments in the Consumer Criticism of Advertising. Journal of Marketing, 57 (July), 99–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purto, Rebecca (1989). The Romantic Sell. American Demographics, 11 (August), 38–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reidenbach, R.E. & Robin, D.P. (1988). Some Initial Steps Toward Improving the Measurement of Ethical Evaluations of Marketing Activities. Jouranl of Business Ethics, 7 (July), 871–879.

    Google Scholar 

  • ____ (1990). Toward the Development of a Multidimensional Scale for Improving Evaluations of Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 9 (August), 639–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Severn, Jessica, Belch, George E. & Belch, Michael A. (1990). The Effects of Sexual and Non-Sexual Advertising Appeals and Information Level on Cognitive Processing and Communication Effectiveness. Journal of Advertising, 19 (March), 14–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soley, Lawrence & Reid, D.P. (1988). Taking it Off: Are Models in Magazine Ads Wearing Less? Journalism Quarterly, 65 (Winter), 960–966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widing, Robert E., II., Hoverstad, Ronald, Coulter, Ronald & Brown, Gene (1991). The VASE Scales: Measures of Viewpoints About Sexual Embeds in Advertising. Journal of Business Research, 22, 3–10.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mittal, B., Lassar, W.M. Sexual Liberalism as a Determinant of Consumer Response to Sex in Advertising. Journal of Business and Psychology 15, 111–127 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007723003376

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007723003376

Keywords

Navigation