Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Photochemical and Thermal Phases of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence

  • Published:
Photosynthetica

Abstract

The measurement of variable chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence is widely used as a convenient and versatile tool in photosynthesis research. In many applications empirical correlations and simplified models of Chl a fluorescence are used with success. Nevertheless, variable Chl a fluorescence provides only indirect and complex image of processes occurring within photosynthetic membranes and such simplifications have only limited validity. In this review we elucidate some controversial and still unresolved questions about the origin and interpretation of the variable Chl a fluorescence induction and the proper use of variable Chl a fluorescence for studies of photochemical events in photosystem 2 (PS2). Although the major part of variable Chl a fluorescence reflects the photochemical closure of the PS2 reaction centers (RCs) and can be considered as a function of the redox state of the primary acceptor QA, up to 50 % of the change in the Chl a fluorescence yield can be of secondary, nonphotochemical origin. We review the possible sources of the inherent heterogeneity in the origin of variable Chl a fluorescence. We also comment on the practical implications this bears for the use of variable Chl a fluorescence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achnine, L., Mata, R., Iglesias-Prieto, R., Lotina-Hennsen, B.: Impairment of photosystem II donor side by the natural product odoratol.-J. agr. Food Chem. 46: 5313-5317, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amesz, J., Fork, D.C.: Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by quinones in algae and chloroplasts.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 143: 97-107, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balachandran, S., Hurry, V.M., Kelley, S.E., Osmond, C.B., Robinson, S.A., Rohozinski, J., Seaton, G.G.R., Sims, D.A.: Concepts of plant biotic stress. Some insights into the stress physiology of virus-infected plants, from the perspective of photosynthesis.-Physiol. Plant. 100: 203-213, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, M.C., Butterworth, J.A., Roden, J.S., Christian, R., Egerton, J.J.G.: Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence to forest ecology.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 22: 311-319, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernhardt, K., Trissl, H.W.: Theories for kinetics and yields of fluorescence and photochemistry: how, if at all, can different models of antenna organization be distinguished experimentally?-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1409: 125-142, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Björkman, O., Bemmig, B.: Photon yield of O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at 77 K among vascular plants of diverse origins.-Planta 170: 489-504, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, D., Samson, G., Carpenter, C.: The origins of nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in photosynthesis — Direct quenching by P680+ in Photosystem II enriched membranes at low pH.-Biochemistry 36: 749-755, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, W.L.: On the primary nature of fluorescence yield changes associated with photosynthesis.-Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69: 3420-3422, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, W.L., Visser, J.W.M., Simons, H.L.: The kinetics of light-induced changes of C-550, cytochrome b 559 and fluorescence yield in chloroplasts at low temperature.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 292: 140-151, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christen, G., Reifarth, F., Renger, G.: On the origin of the '35-mu s kinetics' of P680+ reduction in photosystem II with an intact water oxidising complex.-FEBS Lett. 429: 49-52, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dau, H.: Molecular mechanisms and quantitative models of variable photosystem II fluorescence.-Photochem. Photobiol. 60: 1-23, 1994a.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dau, H.: Short-term adaptation of plants to changing light intensities and its relation to Photosystem II photochemistry and fluorescence emission.-J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 26: 3-27, 1994b.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeEll, J., Toivonen, P.: Chlorophyll fluorescence as an indicator of physiological changes in coldstored broccoli after transfer to room temperature.-J. Food Sci. 64: 501-503, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delosme, R.: Etude de l'induction de fluorescence des algues vertes et des chloroplastes au début d'une illumination intense.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 143: 108-128, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delosme, R.: Variations du rendement de fluorescence de la chlorophylle in vivo sous l'action d'éclairs de forte intensité.-Compt. rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sér. D 272: 2828-2831, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Den Haan, G.A., Duysens, L.N.M., Egberts, D.J.N.: Fluorescence yield kinetics in the microsecond-range in Chlorella pyrenoidosa and spinach chloroplasts in the presence of hydroxylamine.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 368: 409-421, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deprez, J., Dobek, A., Geacintov, N.E., Paillotin, G., Breton, J.: Probing fluorescence induction in chloroplasts on a nanosecond time scale utilizing picosecond laser pulse pairs.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 725: 444-454, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diner, B.A., Petrouleas, V.: Q400, the non-heme iron of the Photosystem II iron-quinone complex. A spectroscopic probe of quinone and inhibitior binding to the reaction center.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 895: 107-125, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duysens, L.N.M., Sweers, H.E.: Mechanism of the two photochemical reactions in algae as studied by means of fluorescence.-In: Studies on Microalgae and Photosynthetic Bacteria. Pp. 353-372. Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, H.-J., Renger, G.: Temperature dependence of P680+ reduction in O2-evolving PSII membrane fragments at different redox states Si of the water oxidizing system.-FEBS Lett. 236: 425-431, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, H.-J., Wiese, N., Bernarding, J., Eichler, H.-J., Renger, G.: Analysis of the electron transfer from Pheo− to QA in PS II membrane fragments from spinach by time resolved 325 nm absorption changes in the picosecond domain.-FEBS Lett. 240: 153-158, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Etienne, A.L., Lavergne, J.: Action du m-dinitrobenzène sur la phase thermique d'induction de fluorescence en photosynthèse.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 283: 268-278, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, E.H., Brown, R.G.: An appraisal of photosynthetic fluorescence kinetics as a probe of plant function.-J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 22: 95-104, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski, P.G., Kolber, Z., Mauzerall, D.: A comment on the call to throw away your fluorescence induction apparatus.-Biophys. J. 66: 923-925, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski, P.G., Wyman, K., Ley, A.C., Mauzerall, D.C.: Relationship of steady-state photosynthesis to fluorescence in eucaryotic algae.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 849: 183-192, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fork, D.C., Herbert, S.K.: Electron transport and photophosphorylation by Photosystem I in vivo in plants and cyanobacteria.-Photosynth. Res. 36: 149-168, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • France, L.L., Geacintov, N.E., Breton, J., Valkunas, L.: The dependence of the degrees of sigmoidicities of fluorescence induction curves in spinach chloroplasts on the duration of actinic pulses in pump-probe experiments.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1101: 105-119, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genty, B., Briantias, J.-M., Baker, N.R.: The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 990: 87-92, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genty, B., Harbinson, J., Briantais, J.-M., Baker, N.R.: The relationship between non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and the rate of photosystem 2 photochemistry in leaves.-Photosynth. Res. 25: 249-257, 1990a.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genty, B., Wonders, J., Baker, N.R.: Non-photochemical quenching of F0 in leaves is emission wavelength dependent: Consequences for quenching analysis and its interpretation.-Photosynth. Res. 26: 133-139, 1990b.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govindjee: Photosystem Il heterogeneity: the acceptor side.-Photosynth. Res. 25: 151-160, 1990.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govindjee: Sixty-three years since Kautsky: Chlorophyll a fluorescence.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 22: 131-160, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guissé, B., Srivastava, A., Strasser, R.J.: The polyphasic rise of the chlorophyll a fluorescence (O-K-J-I-P) in heat-stressed leaves.-Arch. Sci. Genève 48: 147-160, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzwarth, A.R.: Is it time to throw away your apparatus for chlorophyll fluorescence induction?-Biophys. J. 64: 1280-1281, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jalink, H., Frandas, A., Bino, R.: Chlorophyll fluorescence of Brassica oleracea seeds as a non-destructive marker for seed maturity and seed performance.-Seed Sci. Res. 8: 437-443, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joliot, A., Joliot, P.: Étude cinétique de la réaction photochimique libérant l'oxygene au cours de la photosynthése.-Compt. rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sér. D 258: 4622-4625, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joliot, P., Joliot, A.: Studies on the quenching properties of the Photosystem II electron acceptor.-In: Forti, G., Avron, M., Melandri, A. (ed.): Photosynthesis, Two Centuries after its Discovery by Joseph Priestley. Vol. 1. Pp. 26-38. Dr W Junk Publ., The Hague 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joliot, P., Joliot, A.: Different types of quenching involved in photosystem II centers.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 305: 302-316, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joliot, P., Joliot, A.: Evidence for a double hit process in Photosystem II based on fluorescence studies.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 462: 559-574, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joliot, P., Joliot, A.: Comparative study of the fluorescence yield and of the C550 absorption change at room temperature.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 546: 93-105, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joliot, P., Joliot, A.: A photosystem II electron acceptor which is not a plastoquinone.-FEBS Lett. 134: 155-158, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joliot, P., Joliot, A., Bouges, B., Barbieri, G.: Studies of System II photocenters by comparative measurements of luminescence, fluorescence and oxygen emission.-Photochem. Photobiol. 14: 287-305, 1971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jursinic, P.A., Dennenberg, R.J.: The relationship between the capacity to evolve oxygen and the variable fluorescence of chlorophyll after microsecond illumination in Chlorella, pea leaves and pea thylakoids.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1183: 281-291, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klimov, V.V., Klevanik, A.V., Shuvalov, V.A., Krasnovsky, A.A.: Reduction of pheophytin in the primary light reaction of photosystem II.-FEBS Lett 82: 183-186, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolber, Z., Falkowski, P.G.: Use of active fluorescence to estimate phytoplankton photosynthesis in situ.-Limnol. Oceanogr. 38: 1646-1665, 1993.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolber, Z.S., Prášil, O., Falkowski, P.G.: Measurements of variable chlorophyll fluorescence using fast repetition rate techniques: defining methodology and experimental protocols.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1367: 88-106, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krall, J.P., Edwards, G.E.: Environmental effects on the relationship between the quantum yields of carbon assimilation and in vivo PsII electron transport in maize.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 18: 267-278, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, D.M., Crofts, A.R.: Control and measurement of photosynthetic electron transport in vivo.-In: Baker, N.R. (ed.): Photosynthesis and the Environment. Pp. 25-66. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht-Boston-London 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, D.M., DiMarco, G., Loreto, F.: Contribution of plastoquinone quenching to saturation pulse-induced rise of chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves.-In: Mathis, P. (ed.): Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Vol. I. Pp. 147-150. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht-Boston-London 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, H., Mathis, P.: Quantum yield and rate of formation of the carotenoid triplet state in photosynthetic studies.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 593: 319-329, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krause, G.H., Weis, E.: Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: The basics.-Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol. 42: 313-349, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavergne, J., Briantais, J.-M.: Photosystem II heterogeneity.-In: Ort, D.R., Yocum, C.F. (ed.): Oxygenic Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions. Pp. 265-287. Kluwer Academic Publ, Dordrecht-Boston-London 1996

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavergne, J., Leci, E.: Properties of inactive Photosystem II centers.-Photosynth. Res. 38: 323-343, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavergne, J., Trissl, H.-W.: Theory of fluorescence induction in Photosystem II: Derivation of analytical expressions in a model including exciton-radical-pair equilibrium and restricted energy transfer between photosynthetic units.-Biophys. J. 68: 2474-2492, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazar, D.: Chlorophyll a fluorescence induction.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1412: 1-28, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazár, D., Brokeš, M., Nauš, J., Dvořák, L.: Mathematical-modeling of 3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea action.-J. theor. Biol. 191: 79-86, 1998.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J.W., Zipfel, W., Owens, T.G.: Quenching of chlorophyll excited states in photosystem I by quinones. Stern-Volmer analysis of fluorescence and photochemical yield.-J. Lumin. 51: 79-85, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ley, A.C., Mauzerall, D.C.: The extent of energy transfer among Photosystem II reaction centers in Chlorella.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 850: 234-248, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long, S.P., Postl, W.F., Bolhàr-Nordenkampf, H.R.: Quantum yields for uptake of carbon dioxide in C3 vascular plants of contrasting habitats and taxonomic groupings.-Planta 189: 226-234, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathis, P.: Triplet-triplet energy transfer from chlorophyll a to carotenoids in solution and in chloroplasts.-In: Metzner, H. (ed.): Progress in Photosynthesis Research. Vol. II. Pp. 818-822. Tübingen 1969.

  • Mathis, P., Butler, W.L., Satho, K.: Carotenoid triplet state and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in choroplasts and subchloroplast particles.-Photochem. Photobiol. 30: 603-614, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mauzerall, D.: Light induced fluorescence changes in Chlorella, and the primary photoreactions for the production of oxygen.-Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69: 1358-1362, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mauzerall, D.: Multiple excitations in photosynthetic systems.-Biophys. J. 16: 87-91, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mauzerall, D., Greenbaum, N.L.: The absolute size of a photosynthetic unit.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 974: 119-140, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melis, A.: Dynamics of photosynthetic membrane composition and function.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1058: 87-106, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed, G.H., Binder, W.D., Gillies, S.L.: Chlorophyll fluorescence: A review of its practical forestry applications and instrumentation.-Scand. J. Forest Res. 10: 383-410, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morin, P.: Études des cinétiques de fluorescence de la chlorophylle in vivo dans les premiers instants qui suivent le début de illumination.-J. Chim. phys. 61: 674-680, 1964.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nedbal, L., Trtilek, M., Kaftan, D.: Flash fluorescence induction: a novel method to study regulation of PHotosystem II.-J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 48: 154-157, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neubauer, C., Schreiber, U.: The polyphasic rise of chlorophyll fluorescence upon onset of strong continuous illumination: I. Saturation characteristics and partial control by the photosystem II acceptor side.-Z. Naturforsch. 42c: 1246-1254, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuner, G., Buchner, O.: Assessment of foliar frost damage: a comparison of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence with other viability tests.-J. appl. Bot. — Angew. Bot. 73: 50-54, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okayama, S., Butler, W.L.: The influence of cytochrome b 559 on the fluorescence yield of chloroplasts at low temperature.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 267: 523-529, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrouleas, V., Diner, B.A.: Light-induced oxidation of the acceptor-side Fe(II) of Photosystem II by exogenous quinones acting through the QB binding site. I. Quinones, kinetics and pH-dependence.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 893: 126-137, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfündel, E.: Estimating the contribution of Photosystem I to total leaf chlorophyll fluorescence.-Photosynth. Res. 56: 185-195, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfündel, E., Bilger, W.: Regulation and possible function of the violaxanthin cycle.-Photosynth. Res. 42: 89-109, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšil, P.: Mechanisms of non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in higher plants.-Photosynthetica 34: 343-355, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prášil, O., Adir, N., Ohad, I.: Dynamics of photosystem II: mechanism of photoinhibition and recovery processes.-In: Barber, J. (ed.): The Photosystems: Structure, Function and Molecular Biology. Pp. 295-348. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam-London-New York-Tokyo 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasil, O., Kolber, Z., Berry, J.A., Falkowski, P.G.: Cyclic electron flow around Photosystem II in-vivo.-Photosynth. Res. 48: 395-410, 1996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reifarth, F., Christen, G., Renger, G.: Fluorometric equipment for monitoring P680+ reduction in PS II preparations and green leaves.-Photosynth. Res. 51: 231-242, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reifarth, F., Renger, G.: Indirect evidence for structural changes coupled with QB − formation in photosystem-II.-FEBS Lett. 428: 123-126, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renger, G., Wolff, C.: Further evidence for dissipative energy migration via triplet states in photosynthesis. The protective mechanism of carotenoids in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides chromatophores.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 460: 47-57, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, H.H., Crofts, A.R.: Kinetics of the oxidation-reduction reactions of the photosystem II quinone acceptor complex, and the patway for deactivation.-FEBS Lett. 153: 221-226, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samson, G., Bruce, D.: Origins of the low yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence induced by single turnover flash in spinach thylakoids.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1276: 147-153, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlodder, E., Brettel, K., Witt, H.T.: Relation between microsecond reduction kinetics of photooxidized chlorophyll a II (P-680) and photosynthetic water oxidation.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 808: 123-131, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, W., Neubaeur, C., Kolbowski, J., Schreiber, U., Urbach, W.: Comparison of effects of air pollutants (SO2, O3, NO2) on intact leaves by measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and P700 absorbance changes.-Photosynth. Res. 25: 241-248, 1990.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schodel, R., Irrgang, K.D., Voigt, J., Renger, G.: Rate of carotenoid triplet formation in solubilized light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) from spinach.-Biophys. J. 75: 3143-3153, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schodel, R., Irrgang, K.D., Voigt, J., Renger, G.: Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by triplets in solubilized light-harvesting complex II (LHCII).-Biophys. J. 76: 2238-2248, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, U.: Chlorophyll fluorescence: New instruments for special applications.-In: Garab, G. (ed.): Photosynthesis: Mechanisms and Effects. Vol. V. Pp. 4253-4258. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, U., Endo, T., Mi, H., Asada, K.: Quenching analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence by the saturation pulse method: Particular aspects relating to the study of eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria.-Plant Cell Physiol. 36: 873-882, 1995a.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, U., Hormann, H., Neubauer, C., Klughammer, C.: Assessment of photosystem II photochemical quantum yield by chlorophyll fluorescence quenching analysis.-Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 22: 209-220, 1995b.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, U., Krieger, A.: Two fundamentally different types of variable chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo.-FEBS Lett. 397: 131-135, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, U., Neubauer, C.: The polyphasic rise of chlorophyll fluorescence upon onset of strong continuous illumination: II. Partial control by the photosystem II donor side and possible ways of interpretation.-Z. Naturforsch. 42c: 1255-1264, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, U., Neubauer, C.: Correlation between dissipative fluorescence quenching at photosystem II and 50 μs recombination luminescence.-FEBS Lett. 258: 339-342, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, U., Schliwa, U., Bilger, W.: Continuous recording of photochemical and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching with a new type of modulation fluorometer.-Photosynth. Res. 10: 51-62, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer, R.H., Brudvig, G.W.: Fluorescence quenching by chlorophyll cations in photosystem II.-Biochemistry 36: 11351-11359, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seaton, G.G.R., Walker, D.A.: Chlorophyll fluorescence as a measure of photosynthetic carbon assimilation.-Proc. roy. Soc. London B 242: 29-35, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinkarev, V.P., Govindjee: Insight into the relationship of chlorophyll a fluorescence yield to the concentration of its natural quenchers in oxygenic photosynthesis.-Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 7466-7469, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonneveld, A., Rademaker, H., Duysens, L.N.M.: Chlorophyll a fluorescence as a monitor of nanosecond reduction of the photooxidized primary donor P-680+ of Photosystem II.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 548: 536-551, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, A., Guissé, B., Greppin, H., Strasser, R.J.: Regulation of antenna structure and electron transport in Photosystem II of Pisum sativum under elevated temperature probed by the fast polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence transient: OKJIP.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1320: 95-106, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, A., Strasser, R.J., Govindjee: Polyphasic rise of chlorophyll a fluorescence in herbicide-resistant D1 mutants of Chlamydomonas reinardtii.-Photosynth. Res. 43: 131-141, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stirbet, A., Govindjee, Strasser, B.J., Strasser, R.J.: Chlorophyll a fluorescence induction in higher plants: Modeling and numerical simulation.-J. theor. Biol. 193: 131-151, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strasser, B.J.: Donor side capacity of Photosystem II probed by chlorophyll a fluorescence transients.-Photosynth. Res. 52: 147-155, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strasser, B.J., Dau, H., Heinze, I., Senger, H.: Comparison of light induced and cell cycle dependent changes in the photosynthetic apparatus: A fluorescence induction study on the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus.-Photosynth. Res. 60: 217-227, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strasser, R.J.: The grouping model of plant photosynthesis.-In: Akoyunoglou, G., Argyroudi-Akoyunoglou, J.H. (ed.): Chloroplast Development. Pp. 513-524. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam-New York-Oxford 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strasser, R.J., Srivastava, A., Govindjee: Polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence transient in plants and cyanobacteria.-Photochem. Photobiol. 61: 32-42, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trissl, H.-W., Gao, Y., Wulf, K.: Theoretical fluorescence induction curves derived from coupled differential equations describing the primary photochemistry of photosystem II by an excitonradical pair equilibrium.-Biophys. J. 64: 974-988, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valentini, R., Epron, D., Deangelis, P., Matteucci, G., Dreyer, E.: In situ estimation of net CO2 assimilation, photosynthetic electron flow and photorespiration in Turkey oak (Q. cerris L.) leaves: diurnal cycles under different levels of water supply.-Plant Cell Environ. 18: 631-640, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valkunas, L., Geacintov, N.E., France, L., Breton, J.: The dependence of the shapes of fluorescence induction curves in chloroplasts on the duration of illumination pulses.-Biophys. J. 59: 397-408, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Gorkom, H.J., Tamminga, J.J., Haveman, J.: Primary reactions, plastoquinone and fluorescence yield in subchloroplast fragments prepared with deoxycholate.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 347: 417-438, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasi'lev, S., Wiebe, S., Bruce, D.: Nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in photosynthesis — 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in spinach thylakoids as a model for antenna based quenching mechanisms.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 1363: 147-156, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernotte, C., Etienne, A.L., Briantais, J.-M.: Quenching of the system II chlorophyll fluorescence by the plastoquinone pool.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 545: 519-527, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, J., Hinkelmann, B., Harris, E.H.: Production of cell wall polypeptides by different cell wall mutants of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.-Microbiol. Res. 152: 189-198, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vredenberg, W.J., Snel, J.F.H., Dassen, J.H.A.: A sizeable decrease in the electric conductance of the thylakoid lumen as an early event during reaction center and Q cycle turnover.-Photosynth. Res. 58: 111-121, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitmarsh, J., Pakrasi, H.: Form and function of cytochrome b 559.-In: Ort, D.R., Yocum, C.F. (ed.): Oxygenic Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions. Pp. 249-264. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht-Boston-London 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wraight, C.A., Kraan, G.P.B., Gerrits, N.M.: The pH dependence of delayed and prompt fluorescence in uncoupled chloroplasts.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 283: 259-267, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zankel, K.L.: Rapid fluorescence changes observed in chloroplasts: their relationship to the O2 evolving system.-Biochim. biophys. Acta 325: 138-148, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre de Recherche en Horticulture, Pavillon de l'Envirotron, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1K 7P4

    G. Samson & B. Yaakoubd

  2. Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic

    O. Prášil

  3. Laboratory of Biomembranes, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

    O. Prášil

Authors
  1. G. Samson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. O. Prášil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. Yaakoubd
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Samson, G., Prášil, O. & Yaakoubd, B. Photochemical and Thermal Phases of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence. Photosynthetica 37, 163–182 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007095619317

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007095619317

Search

Navigation