Specific inhibition of an α-galactosyltransferase from Trypanosoma brucei by synthetic substrate analogues

Abstract

Since the α-D-galactose-(1→3)-D-galactose epitope has been identified to be the major target in the process of hyperacute rejection of xenografts transplanted from nonprimate donors to humans, specific inhibitors of α-galactosyltransferases are of broad interest. Using Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite causing sleeping sickness and Nagana, we have a very useful model system for the investigation of α-galactosyltransferase inhibitors, since the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) accounts for about 10% of the total cell protein an this parasite expresses many different galactosyltransferases including the one catalysing the formation of the Galα1→3Gal epitope. In order to study inhibition of galactosylation on the VSG from Trypanosoma brucei, we designed, synthesized and tested substrate analogues of trypanosomal α-galactosyltransferases. Effective inhibitors were a pair of diastereoisomeric UDP-galactose analogs, in which the galactose residue is linked to UDP via a methylene bridge rather than an ester linkage. Hence, galactose cannot be transferred to the respective acceptor substrate VSG or the synthetic acceptor substrate Manα1→6Manα1S-(CH₂)₇-CH₃, which was previously proven to replace VSG effectively [Smith et al. (1996) J Biol Chem 271:6476–82]. Inhibitors have been prepared starting from 1-formyl galactal. The final condensation was performed using UMP morpholidate leading to a pair of diastereomeric compounds in 39% or 30% yield, respectively. These compounds were tested using α-galactosyltransferases prepared from T. brucei membranes and lactose synthetase from bovine milk. While the K_M-value for UDP-galactose was determined as 59 µM on bovine lactose synthetase, the K_I-values for both inhibitors were 0.3 mM and 1.1 mM respectively, showing that these inhibitors are unable to inhibit enzyme activity significantly. However, using the N-glycan specific α-galactosyltransferase from trypanosomes, the K_M-value was determined as 20 µM, while the K_I-values were 34 µM and 21 µM respectively. Interestingly, other trypanosomal α-galactosyltransferases, which modify the GPI membrane anchor, are 2 orders of magnitude less effected by the inhibitor.