Skip to main content
Log in

Merger Activity and Employment: Evidence from the UK Mutual Sector

  • Published:
Empirica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper approaches the performance consequences of mergers from a new direction; namely by analysing their impact on the acquiring firm's demand for labour. It employs a dynamic labour demand model, with an unbalanced panel of UK financial mutuals over the period 1981–1993. The data relate strictly to core financial intermediation activity and are thus particularly appropriate for the paper's purposes. The results are strongly supportive of an efficiency-enhancing interpretation of merger activity. A significant positive initial impact on the acquirer's demand for labour is followed by three years of significant negative effects, a result consistent with the acquisition and subsequent digestion of less efficient targets.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akhavein, J.D., Berger, A.N. and Humphrey, D.B. (1997) ‘The Effects of Megamergers on Efficiency and Prices: Evidence from a Bank Profit Function’, Review of Industrial Organization 12, 95–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arellano, M. and Bond, S. (1991) ‘Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations’, Review of Economic Studies 58, 277–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P.A. (1984) The Myth of Mutuality, Pluto Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P.A. and Dodds, J.C. (1981) ‘Building Society Mergers and the Size-Efficiency Relationship: A Comment’, Applied Economics 13, 531–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, A.N. and Humphrey, D.B. (1991) ‘The Dominance of Inefficiencies over Scale and Product Mix Inefficiencies in Banking’, Journal of Monetary Economics 28, 117–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhagat, S., Shleifer A. and Vishny, R.W. (1990) ‘Hostile Takeovers in the 1980s: The Return to Corporate Specialization’, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics 1–71.

  • Bonus, H. and Schmidt, G. (1990) ‘The Cooperative Banking Group in the Federal Republic of Germany: Aspects of Institutional Change’, Journal of Theoretical and Institutional Economics 146, 180–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caves, R.E. (1989) ‘Mergers, Takeovers and Economic Efficiency: Foresight vs Hindsight’, International Journal of Industrial Organization 7, 151–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conyon, M., Girma, S., Thompson, S. and Wright, P. (1998) Do Hostile Mergers Destroy Jobs?, paper given to the Royal Economic Society Conference, University of Warwick.

  • Cowling, K. et al. (1980) Mergers and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson, A.P., Gibson, H.D. and Tsakalotos, E. (1996) ‘The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms’, Oxford Economic Papers 49, 344–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, L. (1989) The Building Society Industry in Transition, Macmillan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, L. (1992) ‘Economics of Scale and Scope in UK Building Societies: An Application of the Translog Multiproduction Cost Functions’, Applied Financial Economics 2, 211–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, L. and Weyman-Jones, T.G. (1992) ‘Technical and Scale Efficiency: UK Building Societies’, Applied Financial Economics 2, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, L. (1995) ‘Testing for Expense Preference Behaviour: UK Building Societies’, The Service Industries Journal 15, 50–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, L and Weyman-Jones, T.G. (1996) ‘Productive and Allocative Inefficiencies in UK Building Societies: A Comparison of Non-parametric and Stochastic Frontier Techniques’, The Manchester School 64, 22–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutz, M.A. (1989) ‘Horizontal Mergers in Declining Industries’, International Journal of Industrial Organization 7, 11–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, K. (1990) ‘Productive Efficiency in British Building Societies’, Applied Economies 22, 413–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough, T.J. (1979) ‘Building Society Mergers and the Size-Efficiency Relationship’, Applied Economics 11, 185–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerin-Calvert, M.E. (1996) ‘Current Merger Policy: Banking and ATM Network Mergers’, Antitrust Bulletin 41, 289–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardwick, P. (1989) ‘Economics of Scale: Building Societies’, Applied Economics 21, 1291–1304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardwick, P. (1990) ‘Multiproduct Cost Attributes: A Study of UK Building Societies’, Oxford Economic Papers 42, 446–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardwick, P. and Ashton, J. (1996) ‘Estimating Inefficiencies in Depository Institutions: A Survey’, Bournemouth University Discussion Paper # 19.

  • Hughes, A. (1993) ‘Mergers and Economic Performance in the UK: A Survey of the Empirical Evidence, 1950–1990’, in M. Bishop and J. Kay (eds.), European Mergers and Merger Policy, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter W.C. and Timme, S.G. (1986) ‘Technical Change, Organisation Form and the Structure of Bank Productions’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 18, 152–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, W.C. and Timme, S.G. (1995) ‘Core Deposits and Physical Capital: A Re-examination of Bank Scale Economics and Efficiency with Quasi-Fixed Assets’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 27, 165–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingham, H. and Thompson, S. (1995) ‘Deregulation, Firm Capabilities and Diversifying Entry Decisions: The Case of Financial Services’, Review of Economics and Statistics 77, 177–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarrell, G.A., Brickley, J.A. and Netter, J.M. (1988) ‘The Market for Corporate Control: The Evidence Since 1980’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 2, 49–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K. and Onvural, N. (1996) ‘Economics of Scale and Scope and Large Commercial Banks: Evidence from the Fourier Flexible Functional Form’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 28, 178–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, R.D. and White, R.W. (1980) ‘Economics of Scale and Deposit Taking Institutions in Canada: A Study of British Columbia Credit Unions’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 12, 58–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickell, S. (1981) ‘Biases in Dynamic Models with Fixed Effects’, Econometrica 49, 1417–1426.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Sullivan, P. (1997) ‘Governance by Exit: An Analysis of the Market for Corporate Control’, in K. Keasey, S. Thompson and M. Wright (eds.), Corporate Governance: Economic, Management and Financial Issues, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palepu, K.G. (1986) ‘Predicting Takeover Targets: A Methodological and Empirical Analysis’, Journal of Accounting and Economics 8, 3–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peristiani S. (1996) ‘Do Mergers Improve the X-Efficiency and Scale Efficiency of US Banks? Evidence From the 1980s’, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Research Paper # 9623.

  • Rhoades, S.A. (1993) ‘Efficiency Effects of Horizontal (in-market) Bank Mergers’, Journal of Banking and Finance 17, 411–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades, S.A. (1996) ‘Competition and Bank Mergers: Directions for Analysis for Available Evidence’, Antitrust Bulletin 41, 339–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sealey, C.W. and Lindley, J.T. (1977) ‘Inputs, Outputs and a Theory of Production and Cost at Depository Financial Institutions’, Journal of Finance 32, 1252–1253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, S. (1993) ‘Can Megamergers Improve Bank Efficiency’, Journal of Banking and Finance 17, 423–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shleifer, A. and Summers, L. (1988) ‘Breach of Trust in Hostile Takeovers’, in A. Auerbach (ed.), Corporate Takeovers: Causes and Consequences, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (1991) ‘Takeovers in the '60s and the '80s: Evidence and Implications’, Strategic Management Journal 12, 51–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S. (1996) ‘Mergers without Equity Markets: A Study of the Acquisitions Process in Financial Mutuals’, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 152, 342–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S. (1997) ‘Takeover Activity Among Financial Mutuals: An Analysis of Target Characteristics’, Journal of Banking and Finance 21, 37–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vander Vennet, R. (1996) ‘The Effects of Mergers and Acquisitions on the Profitability of EC Credit Institutions’, Journal of Banking and Finance 20, 1531–1558.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, H. (1980) ‘A Heteroskedasticity — Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity’, Econometrica 48, 817–838.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Haynes, M., Thompson, S. Merger Activity and Employment: Evidence from the UK Mutual Sector. Empirica 26, 39–54 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006963701430

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006963701430

Navigation