Abstract
This research provides a multivariate explanation of monthly (N = 243) birth rate variation for African-American women 20--24 years of age using time series analysis. The research explains both seasonal and intermediate variation in these birth rates. The independent variables were selected for their relationship to: economic understandings of fertility; developing understandings of the relationship of photoperiod to reproductive functioning; routine activity theory; and the relationship of birth rates to quality of life perspectives. The findings of this research are interpreted with respect to important developments and understandings in the quality of life literature. Concepts of ''compensatory validation'' and ''contextual compatibility'' are derived from quality of life understandings and Rainwater's (1974) concept of ''validating activities''. The previously identified importance of domains of intimacy, sexual activity and family life (Cummins, 1996; Alfonso et al., 1996) are related to empirical findings concerning the conception of children and incorporated into these theoretical concepts. Nine explanatory variables were selected. Theoretical, research and policy implications are summarized.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Alfonso, V. C., D. B. Allison, D. E. Rader and B. S. Gorman: 1996, ‘The extended satisfaction with life scale: Development and psychometric properties’ Social Indicators Research 38, pp. 275–301.
Andorka, R: 1978, Determinants of Fertility in Advanced Societies (The Free Press, MacMillan, New York).
Andrews, F. M. and S. B. Withey: 1976, Social Indicators ofWell-Being (Plenum, New York).
Arendt, J.: 1985, ‘The pineal hormone melatonin in seasonal and circadian rhythms’ in P. H. Redfern, I. C. Campbell J. A. Davies et al. (eds.), Circadian Rhythms in the Central Nervous System (Macmillan, London).
Argyle, M.: 1987, The Psychology of Happiness (Methuen, London).
Bane, M. J. and D. T. Ellwood: 1995,Welfare Realities: From Rhetoric to Reform (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts).
Becker, G. S.: 1960, ‘An economic analysis of fertility’ in Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries (Princeton University Press, National Bureau of Economic Research, N.Y.).
Becker, G. S.: 1965, ‘A theory of the allocation of time’ Economic Journal 75, pp. 493–517.
Becker, G. S.: 1975, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, 2nd edn. (National Bureau of Economic Research, Columbia University Press, New York).
Becker, G. S.: 1976, The Economic Approach to Human Behavior (University of Chicago Press, Glencoe, IL).
Bongaarts, J.: 1978, ‘A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility’ Population and Development Review 4, pp. 105–132.
Bostofte, E., J. Serup and H. Rebbe: 1982: ‘Relation between sperm count and sperm volume, and pregnancies obtained during a twenty Year follow-up period’ International Journal of Andrology 5, pp. 267–275.
Cain, G. C. and A. Weininger: 1973, ‘Economic determinants of fertility: Results from cross-sectional aggregate data’ Demography 10(2), pp. 205–221.
Chang, K. S., S. T. Chan, W. D. Low and C. K. Ng: 1963, ‘Climate and conception rates in Hong Kong’ Human Biology 4(3), pp. 366–376.
Chik, C. L., O. F. X. Almeida, E. A. Libre, J. D. Booth, D. Renquist and G. R. Merriam: 1992, ‘Photoperiod driven function in male rhesus monkeys’ Journal of Clinical Endocrinological Metabolism 74(5), pp. 1068–1074.
Clark, K. B.: 1965, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (Harper and Row, New York).
Clark, S. M., A. Harvey and S. Shaw: 1990, ‘Time use and leisure: Subjective and objective aspects’ Social Indicators Research 23, pp. 337–352.
Clarke, R. V. and M. Felson (eds.): 1993, ‘Introduction’ Criminology, Routine Activity and Rational Choice (Series Editors, F. Adler and W. Laufer), Vol. 5 (Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ).
Cohen, L. E. and M. Felson: 1979, ‘Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach’ American Sociological Review 44, pp. 588–608.
Cummins, R. A.: 1996, ‘The domains of life satisfaction: an attempt to order chaos’ Social Indicators Research 38, pp. 303–328.
Department of Public Health: 1995, Vital Statistics Illinois 1991 (Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois).
Douthitt, R. A., M. MacDonald and R. Mullis: 1992, ‘The relationship between measures of subjective and economicwell-being:A newlook’ Social Indicators Research 26, pp. 407–422.
Farley, R.: 1984, African-Americans and Whites: Narrowing the Gap (Harvard University Press, Cambridge,Massachusetts).
Forrest, J. D. and S. Singh: 1990, ‘The sexual and reproductive behavior of American women, 1982–1988’ Family Planning Perspectives 22(5), pp. 206–214.
Forrest, J. D.: 1994, ‘Epidemiology of unintended pregnancy and contraceptive use’ American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 170, pp. 1485–1488.
Fox, C. R. and D. Kahneman: 1992, ‘Correlations causes and heuristics in surveys of life satisfaction’ Social Indicators Research 27, pp. 221–234.
Galbraith, V. L. and D. S. Thomas: 1956, ‘Birth rates and the interwar business cycles’ in J. J. Spengler and O. D. Duncan (eds.), Demographic Analysis: Selected Readings (The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois).
Gale Research Company: 1977, Sunrise and Sunset Tables for Key Cities and Weather Stations in the U.S (Gale Research Company, Detroit, MI).
Harvey, A. S.: 1990a, ‘The measurement and analysis of time use’ Social Indicators Research 23, pp. 303–308.
Harvey, A. S.: 1990b, ‘Leisure analysis’ Social Indicators Research 23, pp. 337–352.
Hawley, A.: 1950, Human Ecology: A Theory of Community Structure (Ronald, New York).
Heady, B., E. L. Holstrom and A. Wearing: 1985, ‘Models of well-being and ill-being’ Social Indicators Research 17, pp. 211–234.
Heady, B., R. Veenhoven and A. Wearing: 1991, ‘Top down, bottom-up theories and SWB’ Social Indicators Research 24, pp. 81–100.
Hendershot, G. E. and P. J. Placek: 1981, Predicting Fertility: Demographic Studies of Birth Expectations (Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts).
Institute of Medicine, Brown, S. S. and L. Eisenberg (eds.): 1995, The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and theWell-Being of Children and Families (National Academy Press, Washington D.C.).
Jones, E. F. and J. D. Forrest: 1992, ‘Contraceptive failure rates based on the 1988 NSFG’ Family Planning Perspectives 24, pp. 12–19.
Kelly, M. P. F.: 1994, Towanda's Triumph: Social and Cultural Capital in the Urban Ghetto. Institute for Policy Studies, Occasional Paper No. 16 (John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD).
Kirk, D.: 1956, ‘The relation of employment levels to births in Germany’ in J. J. Spengler and O. D. Duncan (eds.), Demographic Analysis: Selected Readings (The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois).
Kitagawa, E. N.: 1981, ‘New life styles: Marriage patterns, living arrangements, and fertility outside marriage’ Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 453, pp. 1–26.
Kotulak, R.: 1996, Inside the Brain: Revolutionary Discoveries on How the Mind Works (Andrews and McMeel, Kansas City).
Kupinsky, S.: 1977, ‘The fertility of working women in the United States: Historical trends and theoretical perspectives’ in S. Kupinsky (ed.), The Fertility of Working Women: A Synthesis of International Research (Praeger Publishers, New York).
Lam, D. A. and J. A. Miron: 1987, The Seasonality of Births in Human Populations. Research Report 87–114 (Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor).
Lam, D. A. and J. A. Miron: 1991, ‘Seasonality of births in human populations’ Social Biology 38, pp. 51–78.
Lam, D. A., J. A. Miron and A. P. Riley: 1994, ‘Modeling seasonality in fecundability, conceptions and births’ Demography 31, pp. 321–346.
Litwack, G.: 1992, ‘Biochemistry of hormones 1: Peptide hormones’ in Thomas M. Devlin (ed.), Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations (John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York), pp. 868–880.
Low, R.: 1997, Personal Interview,Manager of Unemployment Research, Illinois Department of Employment Security (Chicago, Illinois).
Mason, K. O.: 1997, ‘Explaining fertility transitions’ Demography 34(4), pp. 443–454.
Mosher, W. D.: 1990, ‘Contraceptive pactice in the United States, 1982–1988’ Family Planning Perspectives 22(5), pp. 198–205.
National Park Service Public Use Statistics Program Center: 1995, National Park Service Statistical Abstract.
Oppenheimer, V. K., M. Kalmijn and N. Lim: 1997, ‘Men's career development and marriage timing during a period of rising inequality’ Demography 34(3), pp. 311–330.
Parkes, A.: 1976, Patterns of Sexuality and Reproduction (Oxford University Press, London).
Pol, P. S., R. Beuscart, B. Leroy-Martin, E. Hermand, and W. Jablonski: 1989, ‘Circannual rhythms of sperm parameters of fertile men’ Fertility and Sterility 51(6), pp. 1030–1033.
Politoff, L., M. Birkhauser, A. Almendral and A. Zorn: 1989, ‘New data confirming a circannual rhythm in spermatogenesis’ Fertility and Sterility 52(3), pp. 486–489.
Rainwater, L.: 1974, What Money Buys: Inequality and the Social Meaning of Money (Basic Books, Inc., New York).
Rindfuss, R. R. and J. A. Sweet: 1977, Postwar Fertility Trends and Differentials in the United States (Academic Press, New York).
Rosenberg, H. M.: May 1966, ‘Seasonal variation of births: United States, 1933- 1963’ Vital and Health Statistics (DHEW, Public Health Service, Washington, D.C.), Series 21 No. 9.
Salisbury, P. S.: 1998, ‘Factors affecting birth rates to White women 20–24 years of age: A trend analysis (January 1972-March 1992)’ Social Indicators Research 43, pp. 261–289.
Seiver, D.: 1985, ‘Trend and variation in the seasonality of United States fertility, 1947 to 1976’ Demography 22(1), pp. 89–100.
Shinn, A. F. and M. J. Hogan (eds.): 1988, Evaluations of Drug Interactions (Macmillan Publishing Co., New York).
Sirotkin, A. V. and H-J. Schaeffer: 1997, ‘Direct regulation of mammalian reproductive organs by serotonin and melatonin’ Journal of Endrocrinology 154, pp. 1–5.
Smith, D. S.: 1994, ‘A higher quality of life for whom? mouths to feed and clothes to wear in the families of the late nineteenth-century Americanworkers’ Journal of Family History 19(1), pp. 1–33.
Smock, P. J. and W. D. Manning: 1997, ‘Cohabiting partners' economic circumstances and marriage’ Demograhy 34(3), pp. 331–341.
Stephen, E. H., R. R. Rindfuss and F. D. Bean: 1988, ‘Racial differences in contraceptive choice: Complexity and interactions’ Demography 25(1), pp. 53–70.
Sum, A. and N. Fogg: 1990, ‘The changing economic fortunes of young African-American men in America’ African-American Scholar 21, pp. 47–55.
Tamarkin, L., C. J. Baird and O. F. X. Almeida: 1985, ‘Melatonin: A coordinating signal for mammalian reproduction?’ Science 227, pp. 714–721.
Thomson, E.: 1997, ‘Couple childbearing cesires, intentions, and births’ Demography 34(3), pp. 343–354.
Tjoa, W. S., M. Smolensky, B. Hsi, E. Steinberger and K. Smith: 1982, ‘Circannual rhythm in human sperm count revealed by independent sampling’ Fertility and Sterility 38, pp. 454–459.
Udry, R. J. and N. M. Morris: 1967, ‘Seasonality of coitus and seasonality of birth’ Demography 4(2), pp. 673–679.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce: 1990 Census of the Population of Housing, Summary Tape File 3C on CD-ROM.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: 1988, Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, 1948–1987, Bulletin 2307.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: 1996, Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, 1972–1994, InternetWeb Site: http:stats.bls.gov.
U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration: 1997, Unemployment Compensation Claims Data 1972–1996, Electronic copy.
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare (U.S. DHEW), Public Health Service: 1972–1988, Vital Statistics of the United States, Volume I, Natality (National Center for Health Statistics, Rockville, MD).
U.S. Department of Health, and Human Services (U.S. DHHS), Public Health Service: 1989–1992, Vital Statistics of the United States, Volume I, Natality (National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD).
Wilson, W. J.: 1987, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the UnderClass and Public Policy (University of Chicago, Chicago).
Wilson, W. J.: 1997,When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (Alfred A. Knopf, New York).
Wood, J. W.: 1994, Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography (Aldine De Gruyter, New York).
The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997: 1996, (World Almanac Books, Mahwan, New Jersey).
Yie, S-M, L. P. Miles and E. V. Younglai: 1995, ‘Melatonin receptors on human granulosa cell membranes’ Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 80(5), pp. 1747–1749.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Salisbury, P.S. Factors Affecting Birth Rates Among Black Women 20--24 Years of Age: A Trend Analysis (January 1972--March 1992). Social Indicators Research 48, 1–38 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006937202572
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006937202572