Abstract
Stress genes can be ascribed to have been generated by the organism for their intrinsic urge to survive against the changing environmental odds, during the evolutionary process. This concept has been supported by a large number of reports describing individual types of phenomena. These have been reconciled and globalised in terms of their relevance in this article. Supporting evidences have been drawn from the literature which indicated that by using different types of inducer one can express heat shock proteins. Similarly, several types of stress inducers, such as calorie restriction, LPS stimulation and Staphylococcal Protein-A stimulation, it was possible to induce a wide array of biological, biochemical and immunological reactions. Such biological reactions rendered protection against toxic, carcinogenic, metabolic, as well as biological stresses induced by microorganisms. Heat shock proteins have been implicated as having a role in providing resistance to the host against different types of stressors. In this article, some mechanistic schemes have been proposed as possible pathways globalising such phenomena. A minute amount of stress inducers has been observed to have helped expression of stress resistance genes, providing increased capability to the host to protect itself against myriads of both biotic and abiotic stressors. More understanding about such phenomena would help in keeping our physiological systems vigilant and our bodies healthy, fighting out the stress-related events effectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wallt RS: Genes, chromosomes and molecular evolution. In: Schoffeniels E (ed) Biochemical evolution and the origin of life. North Holland Publishing, Amsterdam, London, 1971, pp 14–42
Waskiewics AJ, Cooper JA: Mutagen and stress response pathways: MAP kinase cascades and phosphatase regulation in mammals and yeast. Curr Opin Cell Biol 7: 798–805, 1995
Andrews GK, Fernando LP, Moore KL, Dalton TP, Sobieski RJ: Avian metallothioneins: Structure, regulation and evolution. J Nutr 126: 1317–1323, 1996
Gray NK, Pantopouloses K, Dandekar T, Ackrell BA, Henize MW: Translation regulation of mammalian and Drosophila citric acid cycle enzymes via iron-responsive elements. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 4925–4930, 1996
Linquist S, Craig EA: The heat shock proteins. Ann Rev Genet 22: 631–677, 1988
Heikilla JJ: Heat shock gene expression and development II. An overview of mammalian and avian developmental system. Dev Genet 14: 87–91, 1993
Jurivich DA, Chung J, Blenis J: Heat shock induces two distinct S6 protein kinase activities in quiescent mammalian fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 148: 252–259, 1991
Welch WJ, Kang HS, Beckmann RP, Mizzer LA: Responses of mammalian cells to metabolic stress; changes in cell physiology and structure/function of stress proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 167: 31–55, 1991
de Groot RP, Rijken PJ, den Hertog J, Boonstra J, Virkleiz AJ, de Latt SW, Kruijer W: Microgravity decreases c-fos induction and serum response element activity. J Cell Sci 97: 38–38, 1990
Hussinger D: Regulation of cell function by level of hydration. Nature Wissenschaften 83: 264–271, 1996
Hahn GM, Shier EC, Auger EA: Mammalian stress proteins USP 70 and HSP 28 coinduced by nicotine and either ethanol or heat. Mol Cell Biol 11: 6034–6040, 1991
Holbrook NJ, Fornace AJ Jr: Response to adversity molecular control of gene activation following genotoxic stress. New Biol 3: 825–833, 1991
Nunoshiba T, de Rojas Walker T, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR, Demple B: Activation by nitric oxide of an oxidative stress response that defends Escherichia coli against activated macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 9993–9997, 1993
Wollnik B, Kubisch C, Maass A, Velter II, Neyses L: Hyperosmotic stress induces immediate early gene expression in ventricular adult cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commn 194: 642–646, 1993
Keyse SM: The induction of gene expression in mammalian cells by radiation. Semin Cancer Biol 4: 119–128, 1993
Hayes JD, Pulford DJ: Glutathione s-transferase superfamily: Regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and during resistance. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 30: 445–600, 1995
Liu Y, Gorospe M, Yang C, Bolbrook NJ: Role of nitrogen activated protein kinase phosphatase during the cellular response to genotoxic stress. Inhibition of c-jun N-terminal kinase activity and API-dependent gene activation. J Biol Chem 270: 8377–8380, 1995
Paul BN, Saxena AK, Ray PK: In vivo induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha by soluble Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. Immunol Infect Dis 3: 295–298, 1993
Dwivedi PD, Verma AS, Mishra A, Singh KP, Prasad AK, Saxena AK, Dutta KK, Mathur N, Ray PK: Protein A protects mice from depletion of biotransformation enzymes and mortality induced by Salmonella typhimcurium endotoxin. Toxicol Lett 49: 1–13, 1989
Raisuddin S, Singh KP, Zaidi SA, Ray PK: Immunostimulating effect of Protein A in immunosuppressed aflatoxin intoxicated rats. Int J Immunopharmacol 16: 977–984, 1994
Kumar S, Shukla Y, Prasad AK, Verma AS, Dwivedi PD, Mehrotra NK, Ray PK: Protection against 7,12–dimethyl benz anthracene induced tumor initiation by Protein A in mouse skin. Cancer Lett 61 105–110, 1992
Shukla Y, Verma AS, Mehrotra NK, Ray PK: Antitumor activity of Protein A in a mouse skin model of two stage carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 103: 41–47, 1996
Maulik N, Watanabe M, Engelman D, Engelman RM, Kagan VE, Kishin E, Tyurin V, Cordis Ga, Das DK: Myocardial adaptation to ischemia by oxidative stress induced by endotoxin. Am J Physiol 269: 907–916, 1995
Lane DP, Benchimol S: P. 53: Oncogene or antioncogene? Gene Devel 4: 1–8, 1990
Skromne I, Sanchez O, Aquirre J: Starvation stress modulates the expression of the Aspergillus nidulans br1A regulatory gene. Microbiol 141: 21–28, 1995
Kagaya K, Miyakawa Y, Watanabe K, Kukazawa Y: Antigenic role of stress-induced catalase of Salmonella typhimurium in cell mediated immunity. Infect Immun 60: 1820–1825, 1992
Dhandayuthapani S, Zhang Y, Mudd MH, Deretic V: Oxidative stress response and its role in sensitivity to isoniazid in mycobacteria: characterization and inducibility of ahpc by peroxides in mycobacterium smegmatis and lack of expression in M. aurum and M. tuberculosis. J Bacteriol 178: 3641–3649, 1996
Lamark T, Rokenes TP, McDougall J, Strom AR: The complex bet promoters of Escherechia coli: regulation by oxygen (arc A), Choline (Bet I), and osmotic stress. J Bacteriol 178: 1655–1662, 1996
Ray PK, Dohadwala M, Bandyopadhyay S: Rescue of rats from large dose cyolophosphamide toxicity using Protein A. Cancer Chemo Pharmacol 4: 59–62, 1985
Dohadwala M, Ray PK: In vivo protection by Protein A of hepatic microsomal mixed function oxygenase system of cyclophosphamide treated rats. Cancer Chemo Pharmacol 4: 59–62, 1985
Srivastava SP, Singh KP, Saxena AK, Seth PK, Ray PK: In vivo protection by Protein A of hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system of CC14 administered rats. Biochem Pharmacol 36: 4055–4058, 1987
Singh KP, Saxena AK, Zaidi SIA, Dwivedi PD, Srivastava SP, Seth PK, Ray PK: Protection against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity by Protein A. J Appl Toxicol 8: 407–410, 1988
Shankar U, Kumar A, Rao GS, Dwivedi PP, Pandya KP, Ray PK: Modulation of benzene induced toxicity by Protein A. Biochem Pharmacol 46: 517–524, 1993
Mishra A, Dwivedi PD, Verma AS, Ray PK: Mechanism of enhanced phagocytic response in Protein A treated rat macrophages. Immunol Lett 34: 289–296, 1992
Turturro A, Hart R: Modulation of toxicity by diet: Implications of response at low level exposure. In: Edward Calabrese (ed) Biological effects of low level exposures: Dose response relationships. Leuis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1994, pp 143–152
Currie RW, Karmazyn M, Kloe M, Mailer K: Heat shock response is associated with enhanced ponstischaemic ventricular recovery. Circ Res 63: 543–549, 1988
Maubu MS, Latchman DS, Walker JM, Yellon DM: Cardiac stress protein elevation 24 hours after brief ischaemia or heat stress is associated with resistance to myocardial infarction. Circulation 88: 1264–1274, 1993
Hoshida S, Kuzuya T, Fuiji H, Yamashita N, Oe H, Hori M: Sublethal ischaemia alters myocardial antioxidant activity in canine heart. Am J Physiol 264: 1133–1139, 1993
Ray PK, Bandopadhyay S, Dohadwala M: Antitumor activity with non-toxic doses of Protein A. Clin Immunol Immunother 18: 29–34, 1984
Ray PK, Bandyopadhyay S, Mobini J: Inhibition of mammary adenocarcinomas in rats following plasma adsorption over Protein A - a potential antitumor agent. Immunol Commun 12: 453–457, 1983
Ray PK, Raychaudhuri S: Immunotherapy of cancer - present minimum and future trends. In: Ray PK (ed) Immunobiology of Transplantation, Cancer and Pregnancy. Pergamon Press, New York, 1983, pp 210–239
Ray PK, Srivastava M: A new concept in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer J 26: 291–298, 1996
Yellon DM, Latchman DS, Marbur MS: Stress proteins - an endogenous route to myocardial protection: fact or fiction? Cardiovas Res 27: 158–161, 1993
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ray, P.K. Stress genes and species survival. Mol Cell Biochem 196, 117–123 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006930515592
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006930515592