Abstract
The exposure to CO of schoolchildren was assessed in the town of Northampton, UK, both by direct measurement and by GIS-based activity modelling. Personal measurement of CO showed that exposures when travelling by car were significantly greater than those when walking, although journey times by car were shorter. However, journey exposures had little effect on maximum 8h mean CO exposures. CO concentration fields in the study area were modelled from current traffic flows, and those expected under different traffic management scenarios. These fields were then used, in combination with children's home and school location, and their activity profiles, to simulate frequency distributions of exposure for different transport modes and traffic management scenarios. The results show a large variability in the effect of traffic management interventions, depending on the child's home and school location.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akland, G.G., Hartwell, T.D., Johnson, T.R. and Whitmore, R.W.: 1985, 'Measuring human exposure to carbon monoxide in Washington DC and Denver, Colorado, during the winter of 1982-1983', Enviromental. Science and Technology 19, 911–918.
Barrefors, G. and Petersson, G.: 1996, 'Exposure to volatile hydrocarbons in commuter trains and diesel buses', Environmental Technology 17, 643–647.
Carruthers, D.J., Edmunds, H.A., Lester, A.E., McHugh, C.A. and Singles, R.J.: 1998, 'Use and validation of ADMS-Urban in contrasting urban and industrial locations', in: Proceedings of the fifth workshop on harmonisation with atmospheric dispersion modelling for regulatory purposes, Rhodes.
Chan C-C, Spengler, J.D., Ozkaynak, H. and Lefkopoulou, M.: 1991 'Commuter exposures to VOCs in Boston, Massachussets', J. Air and Waste Management Association 41, 1594–1600.
Crump, D.R.: 1997, 'Indoor air pollution', in: Davison, G. and Hewitt, C.N. (eds),.Air Pollution in the United Kingdom, Royal Society of Chemistry, London. pp. 1–21.
Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR): 1997, 'The United Kingdom Air Quality Strategy', HMSO, London.
Dor, F., le Moullec, Y. and Festy, B.: 1995, 'Exposure of city residents to carbon monoxide and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during commuting trips in the Paris metropolitan area.' J. Air and Waste Management Association 45, 103–110.
Fernandez-Bremauntz, A.A. and Ashmore, M.R.: 1995, 'Exposure of commuters to carbon monoxide in Mexico City-I. Measurements of in-vehicle concentrations', Atmospheric Environment 29, 525–532.
Loth, K.W. and Ashmore, M.R.: 1994, 'Personal exposure to air pollution', Clean Air 24, 114–122.
Ott, W.R.: 1984, 'Exposure estimates based on computer generated activity patterns', J. Toxicology-Clinical Toxicology 21, 97–128.
Van Vliet, D.: 1982, 'SATURN-a modern assignment model', Engineering and Control 23, 578–581.
Van Wijnen, J.H., Verhoeff, A.P., Jans, H.W.A. and van Bruggen, M.: 1995, 'The exposure of cyclists, car drivers and pedestrians to traffic-related air pollutants', International Archives of Occupational and. Environmental Health 67, 187–193.
Vellopoulou, A.V. and Ashmore, M.R.: 1998, 'Personal exposures to carbon monoxide in the City of Athens: I. Commuters' exposures', Environ. Int. 24, 713–720.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ashmore, M.R., Batty, K., Machin, F. et al. Effects of Traffic Management and Transport Mode on the Exposure of Schoolchildren to Carbon Monoxide. Environ Monit Assess 65, 49–57 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006431301620
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006431301620