Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ethylene regulation of fruit ripening: Molecular aspects

  • Published:
Plant Growth Regulation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Progress in ethylene regulating fruit ripening concerning itsperception and signal transduction and expression of ACC synthaseand ACC oxidase genes is reviewed. ACC synthase and ACC oxidasehave been characterized and their genes cloned from various fruittissues. Both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase are encoded bymultigene families, and their activities are associated withfruit ripening. In climacteric fruit, the transition toautocatalytic ethylene production appears to be due to a seriesof events in which ACC sythase and ACC oxidase genes have beenexpressed developmentally. Differential expression of ACCsynthase and ACC oxidase gene family members is probably involvedin such a transition that ultimately controls the onset of fruitripening.In comparison to ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, less is knownabout ethylene perception and signal transduction because of thedifficulties in isolating and purifying ethylene receptors orethylene-binding proteins using biochemical methods. However, theidentification of the Nr tomato ripening mutant as anethylene receptor, the applications of new potent anti-ethylenecompounds and the generation of transgenic fruits with reducedethylene production have provided evidence that ethylenereceptors regulate a defined set of genes which are expressedduring fruit ripening. The properties and functions of ethylenereceptors, such as ETR1, are being elucidated.Application of molecular genetics, in combination withbiochemical approaches, will enable us to better understand theindividual steps leading from ethylene perception and signaltransduction and expression of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase genefamily member to the physiological responses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abeles FB, Morgan PW and Saltveit ME (1992) Ethylene in Plant Biology (2nd edn). San Diego: Academic Press, pp 182-221

    Google Scholar 

  2. Abdi N, McGlasson WB, Holford P, Williams M and Mizrahi Y (1998) Responses of climacteric and suppressed-climacteric plums to treatment with propylene and 1-methylecyclopropene. Postharvest Biol Technol 14: 29-39

    Google Scholar 

  3. Adams DO and Yang SF (1979) Ethylene biosynthesis: Identification of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to ethylene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 170-174

    Google Scholar 

  4. Avni A, Bailey BA, Mattoo AK and Anderson JD (1994) Induction of ethylene biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum by a Trichoderma viride xylanase is correlated to the accumulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase transcripts. Plant Physiol 106: 1049-1055

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ayub R, Guis M, Ben Amor M, Gillot, Roustan JP, Latche A, Bouzayen M and Pech JC (1996) Expression of ACC oxidase antisense gene inhibits ripening of cantaloupe melon fruits. Nature Biotechnol 14: 862-866

    Google Scholar 

  6. Balague C, Watson CF, Turner AJ, Rouge P, Picton S, Pech JC and Grierson D (1993) Isolation of a ripening and wound-induced cDNA from Cucumis melon L. encoding a protein with homology to the ethylene forming enzyme. Eur J Biochem 212: 27-34

    Google Scholar 

  7. Barry CS, Blume B, Bouzayen M, Cooper W, Hamilton A and Grierson D (1996) Differential expression of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase gene family in tomato. Plant J 9: 525-535

    Google Scholar 

  8. Barry CS, Blume B, Hamilton A, Fray R, Payton S, Alpuche-Solis A and Grierson D (1997) Regulation of ethylene synthesis and perception in tomato and its control using gene technology. In: Kanellis AK, Chang C, Kende H and Grierson D (eds) Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 299-306

    Google Scholar 

  9. Blankenship SM and Sisler EC (1989) Ethylene binding changes in apple and morning glory during ripening and senescence. J Plant Growth Regul 8: 37-44

    Google Scholar 

  10. Blankenship SM and Sisler EC (1993) Ethylene binding site affinity in ripening apples. J Amer Soc Hortic Sci 118: 609-612

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bleecker AB, Somerville C and Kende H (1988) Insensitivity to ethylene conferred by a dominant mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Science 241: 1086-1089

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bleecker AB and Schaller GE (1996) The mechanism of ethylene perception. Plant Physiol 111: 653-660

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bolitho KM, Lay-Yee M, Knighton ML and Ross GS (1997) Antisense apple ACC-oxidase RNA reduces ethylene production in transgenic tomato fruit. Plant Sci 122: 91-99

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bouzayen M, Cooper W, Barry C, Zegzouti H, Hamilton AJ and Grierson D (1993) EFE multigene family in tomato plants: Expression and characterization. In: Pech JC, Latche A and Balague C (eds) Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher, pp 76-81

    Google Scholar 

  15. Brady CJ (1987) Fruit ripening. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 38: 155-178

    Google Scholar 

  16. Brecht JK (1987) Locular gel formation in developing tomato fruit and the initiation of ethylene production. HortSci 22: 476-479

    Google Scholar 

  17. Callahan AM, Morgens PH, Wright P and Nichols KE (1992) Comparison of Pch313 (pTom13 homolog) RNA accumulation during fruit softening and wounding of two phenotypically different peach cultivars. Plant Physiol 100: 482-488

    Google Scholar 

  18. Chang C, Kwok SF, Bleecker AB and Meyerowitz EM (1993) Arabidopsis ethylene-response gene ETR1: Similarity of product to two-component regulators. Science 262: 539-544

    Google Scholar 

  19. Chang C and Meyerowitz EM (1995) The ethylene hormone response in Arabidopsis: A eukaryotic two-component signalling system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4129-4133

    Google Scholar 

  20. Chalutz E, Mattoo AK, Solomos T and Anderson JD (1984) Enhancement by ethylene of cellulysin-induced ethylene production by tobacco lead discs. Plant physiol 74: 99-103

    Google Scholar 

  21. Clendennen SK, Kipp PB and May GD (1997) The role of ethylene in banana fruit ripening. In: Kanellis AK, Chang C, Kende H and Grierson D (eds) Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 141-148

    Google Scholar 

  22. Davies KM and Grierson D (1989) Identification of cDNA clones for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) mRNA that accumulate during ripening and lead senescence in response to ethylene. Planta 179: 73-80

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dominguez M and Vendrell M (1993) Wound ethylene biosynthesis in preclimacteric banana slices. Acta Hort 343: 270-274

    Google Scholar 

  24. Dong JG, Olson DC, Silverstone A and Yang SF (1992) Sequence of a cDNA coding for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase homolog from apple fruit. Plant Physiol 98: 1530-1531

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dupille E and Sisler E (1995) Effects of an ethylene receptor antagonist on plant material. In: Ait-Oubahou A and E1-Otmani M (eds) Postharvest Physiology, Pathology and Technologies for Horticultural Commodities: Recent Advances. Agadir: Institut Agronomique and Veterinaire Hassan II, pp 294-301

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ecker JR (1995) The ethylene signal transduction pathway in plants. Science 268: 667-675

    Google Scholar 

  27. Evans DE, Bengochea T, Cairns AJ, Dodds JH and Hall MA (1982) Studies of ethylene binding by cell free preparations from cotyledons of Phaseolus vuglaris L.: Subcellular localisation. Plant Cell Environ 5: 101-107

    Google Scholar 

  28. Evans DE, Bengochea T, Cairns AJ, Dodds JH and Hall MA (1982) A studies of the subcellular localisation of Phaseolus vulgaris L. by high resolution autoradiography. Planta 154: 48-52

    Google Scholar 

  29. Felix G, Regenass M, Spanu P and Boller T (1994) The protein phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A mimics elicitor action in plant-cells and induces rapid hyperphosphrylation of specific proteins as revealed by pulse labeling with [33P] phosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 952-956

    Google Scholar 

  30. Fischer RL and Bennett AB (1991) Role of cell wall hydrolases in fruit ripening. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 42: 675-703

    Google Scholar 

  31. Fluhr R (1998) Ethylene perception: From two-component signal transducers to gene induction. Trends Plant Sci 3: 141-145

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fluhr R and Mattoo AK (1996) Ethylene biosynthesis and perception. Crit Rev Plant Sci 15: 479-523

    Google Scholar 

  33. Franco AR, Gee MA and Guilfoyle TJ (1990) Induction and superinduction of auxin-responsive mRNAs with auxin and protein synthesis inhibitors. J Biol Chem 265: 15845-15849

    Google Scholar 

  34. Giovannoni JJ (1997) Molecular genetic analysis of ethylene-regulated and developmental components of tomato fruit ripening. In: AK Kanellis, C Chang, H Kende and D Grierson (eds) Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 133-140

    Google Scholar 

  35. Golding JB, Shearer D, Wyllie SG and McGlasson WB (1998) Application of 1-MCP and propylene to identify ethylene-dependent ripening processes in mature banana fruit. Postharvest Biol Technol 14: 87-98

    Google Scholar 

  36. Good X, Kellog JA, Wagoner W, Langhoff D, Matsumura W and Bestwick RK (1994) Reduced ethylene synthesis by transgenic tomatoes expressing S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase. Plant Mol Biol 26: 781-790

    Google Scholar 

  37. Gray JE, Picton S, Giovannoni JJ and Grierson D (1994) The use of transgenic and naturally occurring mutants to understand and manipulate tomato fruit ripening. Plant Cell Environ 17: 557-571

    Google Scholar 

  38. Grierson D (1987) Senescence in fruits. HortSci 22: 859-862

    Google Scholar 

  39. Grierson D, Hamilton AJ, Bouyazen M, Kock M, Lycett GW and Barton S (1992) Regulation of gene expression, ethylene synthesis and ripening in transgenic tomatoes. In: Wray JL (ed), Inducible Plant Proteins. Cambridge University Press, pp 155-174

  40. Hall, MA, Aho HM, Berry AW, Cowan DS, Harpham NVJ, Holland MG, Moshkov IY, Novikova G and Smith AR (1993) Ethylene receptors. In: Pech JC, Latche A and Balague C (eds) Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher, pp 168-173

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hamilton AJ, Lycett GW and Grierson D (1990) Antisense gene that inhibits synthesis of the hormone ethylene in transgenic plants. Nature 346: 284-287

    Google Scholar 

  42. Hamilton AJ, Bouzayen M and Grierson D (1991) Identification of a tomato gene for the ethylene-forming enzyme by expression in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 7434-7437

    Google Scholar 

  43. Harpham NVJ, Berry AW, Holland MG, Moshkov IE, Smith AR and Hall MA (1996) Ethylene binding sites in higher plants. Plant Growth Regul 18: 71-77

    Google Scholar 

  44. Holdsworth MJ, Bird CR, Ray J, Schuch W and Grierson D (1987) Structure and expression of an ethylene-related mRNA from tomato. Nucl Acids Res 15: 731-739

    Google Scholar 

  45. Holdsworth MJ, Schuch W and Grierson D (1987) Nucleotide sequence of an ethylene-related gene from tomato. Nucl Acids Res 15: 10600

    Google Scholar 

  46. Holdsworth MJ, Schuch W and Grierson D (1988) Organisation and expression of a wound/ripening-related small multigene family from tomato. Plant Mol Biol 11: 81-88

    Google Scholar 

  47. Howie W, Lee K, Joe L, Baden C, McGugin C, Bedbrook J and Dunsmuir P (1996) Sense suppression of ACC synthase: Commercialization of ripening impaired fresh market tomatoes. In: Grierson D, Lycett GW and Tucker GA (eds) Mechanisms and Applications of Gene Silencing. Nottingham University Publishers, pp 119-125

  48. Jerie PH, Shaari AR and Hall MA (1979) The compartmentation of ethylene in developing cotyledons of Phaseolis vulgaris L. Planta 144: 503-507

    Google Scholar 

  49. Jiang YM, Joyce DC and Macnish AJ (1999) Responses of banana fruit to treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene. Plant Grow Regul 21: in press

  50. Kende H (1993) Ethylene biosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 44: 283-307

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kieber JJ (1997) The ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Mol Biol 48: 277-296

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kieber JJ, Rothenberg M, Roman G, Feldmann KA and Ecker JR (1993) CTR1, a negative regulator of ethylene response of the Raf family of protein kinases. Cell 72: 427-441

    Google Scholar 

  53. Kim WT and Yang SF (1994) Structure and expression of cDNAa encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-carboxylate oxidase homologs islolated from excised mung bean hypocotyls. Planta 194: 223-229

    Google Scholar 

  54. Klee HJ (1993) Ripening physiology of fruit from transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants with reduced ethylene synthesis. Plant Physiol 102: 911-916

    Google Scholar 

  55. Klee HJ and Tieman D (1997) Potential applications of controlling ethylene synthesis and perception in transgenic plants. In: Kanellis AK, Chang C, Kende H and Grierson D (eds) Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 289-297

    Google Scholar 

  56. Klee HJ, Hayford MB, Kretzmer KA, Barry GF and Kishore GM (1991) Control of ethylene synthesis of expression of a bacterial enzyme in transgenic tomato plants. Plant Cell 3: 1187-1193

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kneissl ML and Deikman J (1996) The tomato E8 gene influences ethylene biosynthesis in fruit but not in flowers. Plant Physiol 112: 537-547

    Google Scholar 

  58. Kock M, Hamilton AJ and Grierson D (1991) ETH1, a gene involved in ethylene synthesis in tomato. Plant Mol Biol 17: 141-142

    Google Scholar 

  59. Lanahan MB, Yen HC, Giovannoni JJ and Klee HJ (1994) The never-ripe mutation blocks ethylene perception in tomato. Plant Cell 6: 521-530

    Google Scholar 

  60. Lasserre E, Bouquin T, Hernandez JA, Bull J, Pech JC and Balague C (1996) Structure and expression of three genes encoding ACC oxidase homologs from melon (Cucumis melo L.). Mol Gen Genet 251: 81-90

    Google Scholar 

  61. Lelievre JM, Latche A, Jones B, Bouzayen M and Pech JC (1997) Ethylene and fruit ripening. Physiol Plant 101: 727-739

    Google Scholar 

  62. Lester DR, Speirs J, Orr G and Brady CJ (1994) Peach (Prunus persica) endopolygalacturonase cDNA isolation and mRNA analysis in melting and nonmelting peach cultivars. Plant Physiol 105: 225-231

    Google Scholar 

  63. Liang X, Abel S, Keller JA, Shen NF and Theologis A (1992) The 1-aminocycloopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 11046-11050

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lincoln JE, Campbell AD, Oetiker J, Rottmann WH, Oeller PW, Shen NF and Thelolgis A (1993) LE-ACS4, a fruit ripening and wound-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). J Biol Chem 269: 19422-19430

    Google Scholar 

  65. Liu D, Li N, Dube S, Kalinski A, Herman E and Mattoo AK (1993) Molecular characterization of a rapidly and transiently wound-induced soybean (Glycine max L.) gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase. Plant Cell Physiol 34: 1151-1157

    Google Scholar 

  66. Mattoo AK and Suttle C (1991) The Plant Hormone Ethylene. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press

    Google Scholar 

  67. Mehta AM, Jordon RL, Anderson JD and Mattoo AK (1988) Identification of a unique isoform of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase by monoclonal antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 8810-8814

    Google Scholar 

  68. McGarvey DJ and Christofferson RE (1990) Nucleotide sequence of a ripening related cDNA from avocado fruit. Plant Mol Biol 15: 165-167

    Google Scholar 

  69. Nakagawa N, Mori H, Yamazaki K and Imaseki H (1991) Cloning of complementary DNA for auxin-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and differential expression of the gene by auxin and wounding. Plant Cell Physiol 32: 1153-1163

    Google Scholar 

  70. Nakatsuka A, Shiomi S, Kubo Y, Inaba A (1997) Expression and internal feedback regulation of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase genes in ripening tomato fruit. Plant Cell Physiol 38: 1103-1110

    Google Scholar 

  71. Nakajima N, Mori H, Yamazaki K and Imaseki H (1990) Molecular cloning and sequence of a complementary DNA encoding 1-aminocycloropane-1-carboxylate synthase induced by tissue wounding. Plant Cell Physiol 31: 1016-1021

    Google Scholar 

  72. Oeller PW, Wong LM, Taylor LP, Pike DA and Theologis A (1991) Reversible inhibition of tomato fruit ripening. Science 254: 437-439

    Google Scholar 

  73. Oetiker JH and Yang SF (1995) The role of ethylene in fruit ripening. Acta Horti 398: 167-178

    Google Scholar 

  74. Olson DC, White JA, Edeman L, Harkins RN and Kende H (1991) Differential expression of two genes for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in tomato fruits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 5340-5344

    Google Scholar 

  75. Payton S, Fray RG, Brown S and Grierson D (1996) Ethylene receptor expression is regulated during fruit ripening, flower senescence and abscission. Plant Mol Biol 31: 1227-1231

    Google Scholar 

  76. Pech JC, Balague C, Latche A and Bouzayen M (1994) Postharvest physiology of climacteric fruits: Recent developments in the biosynthesis and action of ethylene. Sci Alim 14: 3-15

    Google Scholar 

  77. Penarubia L, Aguillar M, Margossian L and Fischer RL (1992) An antisense gene stimulates ethylene hormone production during tomato fruit ripening. Plant Cell 4: 681-687

    Google Scholar 

  78. Raz V and Fluhr R (1993) Ethylene signal is transduced via protein phosphorylation events in plants. Plant Cell 5: 523-530

    Google Scholar 

  79. Ross GS, Knighton ML and Lay-Yee M (1992) An ethylene related cDNA from ripening apples. Plant Mol Biol 19: 213-238

    Google Scholar 

  80. Rottmann WH, Peter GF, Oeller PW, Keller JA and Shen NF (1991) 1-Aminocycopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in tomato is encoded by a multigene family whose transcription is induced during fruit and floral senescence. J Mol Biol 222: 937-961

    Google Scholar 

  81. Sato T and Theologis A (1989) Cloning the mRNA encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, the key enzyme for ethylene biosynthesis in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 6621-6625

    Google Scholar 

  82. Serek M, Sisler EC and Reid MS (1995) 1-Methylcyclopropene, a novel gaseous inhibitor of ethylene action, improves the life of fruits, cut flowers and potted plants. Acta Hort 394: 337-345

    Google Scholar 

  83. Seymour GB, Taylor JE and Tucker GA (1993) Biochemistry of Fruit Ripening. London: Chapman and Hall

    Google Scholar 

  84. Sisler EC (1979) Measurement of ethylene binding in plant tissue. Plant Physiol 64: 538-542

    Google Scholar 

  85. Sisler EC (1980) Partial purification of an ethylene-binding component from plant tissue. Plant Physiol 66: 404-406

    Google Scholar 

  86. Sisler EC (1991) Ethylene-binding components in plants. In: Matoo AK and Suttle JC (eds) The Plant Hormone Ethylene. Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp 81-99

    Google Scholar 

  87. Sisler EC, Serek M and Dupille E (1995) Comparison of cyclopropene, 1-methylcyclopropene, and 3,3-dimethylcyclopropene as ethylene antagonists in plants. Plant Growth Regul 17: 1-6

    Google Scholar 

  88. Sisler EC and Blankenship SM (1996) USA Patent No. 5518988

  89. Sisler EC and Serek M (1997) Inhibitors of ethylene responses in plants at the receptor level: Recent developments. Physiol plant 100: 577-582

    Google Scholar 

  90. Slater A, Maunders MJ, Edwards K, Schuch W and Grierson D (1985) Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for tomato polygalacturonase and other ripening-related proteins. Plant Mol Biol 5: 137-147

    Google Scholar 

  91. Smith CJ, Slater A and Grierson D (1986) Rapid appearance of an mRNA correlated with ethylene synthesis encoding a protein of molecular weight 35000. Planta 168: 94-100

    Google Scholar 

  92. Tang X, Wang H, Brandt AS and Woodson WR (1993) Organization and structure of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase genes in petunia flowers. Plant Cell 6: 1227-1239

    Google Scholar 

  93. Tarun AS and Theologis A (1997) Structure-function analysis of tomato ACC synthase. In: Kanellis AK, Chang C, Kende H and Grierson D (eds) Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 1-4

    Google Scholar 

  94. Theologis A (1992) One rotten apple spoils the whole bushel: The role of ethylene in fruit ripening. Cell 70: 181-184

    Google Scholar 

  95. Theologis A, Deller PO, Lu MW (1993) Modifying fruit ripening by suppressing gene expression. In: Pech JC, Latche A and Balague C (eds) Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher, pp 19-23

    Google Scholar 

  96. Van Der Straeten D, Van Wiemeersch L, Goodman HM and Van Montagu M (1990) Cloning and sequence of two different cDNAs encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in tomato. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 4859-4863

    Google Scholar 

  97. Wilkinson JQ, Lannhan MB, Yen HC, Giovannoni JJ and Klee H (1995) An ethylene-inducible component of signal transduction encoded by Never-ripe. Science 720: 1807-1809

    Google Scholar 

  98. Yamamoto M, Miki T, Ishiki Y, Fujinami K, Yanagisawa Y, Nakagawa H, Ogura N, Hirabayashi T and Sato T (1995) The synthesis of ethylene in melon fruit during the early stage of ripening. Plant Cell Physiol 326: 591-596

    Google Scholar 

  99. Yang SF and Dong JG (1993) Recent progress in research of ethylene biosynthesis. Bot Bull Acad Sin 34: 89-101

    Google Scholar 

  100. Yang SF and Hoffiman NE (1984) Ethylene biosynthesis and its regulation in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 35: 155-189

    Google Scholar 

  101. Yen HC, Lee S, Tanksley S, Lanahan MB, Klee HJ and Giovannoni JJ (1995) The tomato never-ripe locus regulates ethylene-inducible gene expression and is linked to a homolog of the arabidopsis ETR1 gene. Plant Physiol 107: 1343-1353

    Google Scholar 

  102. Yip WK, Moore T and Yang SF (1992) Differential accumulation of transcripts for four tomato 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase homologs under various conditions. proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 2475-2479

    Google Scholar 

  103. Zarembinski TI and Theologis A (1994) Ethylene biosynthesis and action: A case of conservation. Plant Mol Biol 26: 1579-1597

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P. R. China

    Yueming Jiang

  2. School of Life, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China

    Jiarui Fu

Authors
  1. Yueming Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jiarui Fu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yueming Jiang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jiang, Y., Fu, J. Ethylene regulation of fruit ripening: Molecular aspects. Plant Growth Regulation 30, 193–200 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006348627110

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006348627110

Search

Navigation