Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Enhanced expression and differential inducibility of soybean chalcone synthase genes by supplemental UV-B in dark-grown seedlings

  • Published:
Plant Molecular Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

By developing gene-specific RT-PCR and using filters to allow transmission down to 290 nm (UV-B+) or blocking all radiation below 320 nm (UV-B−), the effect of UV-B+ and UV-B− light on expression of each of the presently known seven members of soybean chalcone synthase (CHS) gene family in dark-grown seedlings was analyzed. Dark expression was detectable already in 18 h dark-germinating embryos, with progressive increases on successive days, suggesting that chs belongs to a class of genes expressed very early during germination, and that the expression at this stage is either constitutive or induced by non-light-dependent factors present in the seed or made available following imbibition. Exposure of 18 h dark-germinating embryos to UV-B− or to UV-B+ light did not lead to an increase in chs signal. However, the 24 h dark-germinating embryos showed a distinct effect of UV-B+, interestingly coinciding with the stage when the head of seedlings was in the process of being pushed up above ground by stem elongation, suggesting the possibility of a developmental switch modulating the appearance of UV-B response. The response to UV-B− was most prominent in chs1 and almost silent in chs2, while the up-regulation by UV-B+ was most prominent in chs5 and chs6 and much less so in chs2. Interestingly, chs2 was noted to be the only member of the Gmchs gene family devoid of H-box, raising the possibility that the H-box may be a good indicator of the photo-inducibility of a chs gene.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Frederick JE, Snell HE, Haywood EK: Solar ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface. Photochem Photobiol 50: 443–450 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Blumthaler M: Solar UV measurements. In: Tevini M (ed) UV-B Radiation and Ozone Depletion Effects on Humans, Animals, Plants, Microorganisms and Materials, pp. 71–94. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Madronich S: The atmosphere and UV-B radiation at ground level. In: Young AR, Bjorn LO, Nultsch W (eds) Environmental UV Photobiology, pp. 1–39. Plenum Press, New York (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Setlow RB: The wavelength in sunlight effective in producing skin cancer: a theoretical analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71: 3363–3365 (1974).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Giese AC: Living with our sun's ultraviolet rays. Plenum Press, New York (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Caldwell MM: SolarUV irradiance and the growth and development of higher plants. In: Giese AC (ed) Phtophysiology, Vol. 6, pp. 131–177. Academic Press, New York (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Klein RM: Plants and near-ultraviolet radiation. Bot Rev 44: 1–127(1978).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Tevini M: Molecular biological effects of ultraviolet radiation. In: Tevini M (ed) UV-B Radiation and Ozone Depletion Effects on Humans, Animals, Plants, Microorganisms, and Materials, pp. 1–15. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Jordan BR: The effects of ultraviolet-B-radiation on plants: a molecular perspective. Adv Bot Res 22, 97–162(1996).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Teramura AH: Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth and yield of crop plants. Physiol Plant 58: 415–427(1983).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Tevini M, Teramura A: UV-B effects on terrestrial plants. Photochem Photobiol 50: 479–487(1989).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Caldwell MM: The effects of solar radiation (280- 315 nm) on higher plants: implications of stratospheric ozone reduction. In: Castellani A (ed) Research in Photobiology, pp. 597–607. Plenum Press, New York (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cutchis P: Stratospheric ozone depletion and solar ultraviolet radiation on earth. Science 184: 13–19(1974).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Houghton JT, Jenkins GJ, Ephramus JJ (eds): Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Teramura AH, Sullivan JH: Potential impacts of increased solar UV-B on global plant productivity. In: Riklis E (ed) Photobiology, pp. 625–634. Plenum Press, New York (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Teramura AH, Sullivan JH: Effects of UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and growth of terrestrial plants. Photosynth Res 39: 463–474(1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Caldwell MM, Flint SD: Stratospheric ozone reduction, solar UV-B radiation and terrestrial ecosystems. Climatic Change 28: 375–394(1994).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Caldwell MM, Flint SD: Solar ultraviolet radiation and ozone layer change: implications for crop plants. In: Boote KJ, Bennet JM, Sinclair TR, Paulsen GM (eds) Physiology and Determination of Crop Yield, pp. 487–507. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Schmelzer MR, Jahnen W, Hahlbrock K: In situ localization of light-induced chalcone synthase mRNA, chalcone synthase, and flavonoid end products in epidermal cells of parsley leaves. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 2989–2993 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Caldwell MM, Robberecht R, Flint SD: Internal filters: prospects for UV-acclimation in higher plants. Physiol Plant 58: 445–450(1983).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hahlbrock K, Scheel D: Physiology and molecular biology of phenylpropanoid metabolism. Annu Rev Plant Physol Plant Mol Biol 40: 347–364(1989).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Harborne JB: The Flavvonoids. Chapman and Hall, London (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Stafford HA: The Flavonoid Metabolism. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Brouillard R: Flavonoids and plant color. In: Cody V, Middleton E Jr, Harborne JB, Beretz A (eds) Plant Flavonoids in Biology and Medicine II: Biochemical, Cellular, and Medicinal Properties, pp. 93–106. Alan R. Liss, New York (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dixon RA: The phytoalexin response: eliciting, signaling and control of host gene expression. Biol Rev 61: 239–291(1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lamb CJ, Lawton MA, Dron M, Dixon RA: Signals and transduction mechanisms for activation of plant defense against microbial attack. Cell 56: 215–224(1989).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Long SR: Rhizobium-legume nodulation: life together in the underground. Cell 46: 203–214(1989).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Chappell J, Hahlbrock K: Transcription of plant defense genes in response to UV light or fungal elicitor. Nature 311: 76–78 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Burns B, Hahlbrock K, Schafer E: Fluence dependence of the ultraviolet-light-induced accumulation of chalcone synthase mRNA and effects of blue and far-red light in cultured parsley cells. Planta 169: 393–398(1986).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Beggs CJ, Wellmann W, Grisebeach H: Photocontrol of flavonoid biosynthesis. In: Kendrick RE, Kronenberg GMH (eds) Photomorphogenesis in Plants, pp. 467–491. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. Junk, Dordrecht, Netherlands (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hermann A, Schulz W, Hahlbrock K: Two alleles of single-copy chalcone synthase gene in parsley differ by a transposable-like element. Mol Gen Genet 212: 93–98(1988).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Koes RE, Spelt CE, Mol JNM, Gerats AGM: The chalcone synthase multigene family of Petunia hybrida (V30): sequence homology, chromosomal localization, and evolutionary aspects. Plant Mol Biol 10: 375–385(1988).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ryder TB, Hedrick SA, Bell JN, Liang X, Clouse SD, Lamb CJ: Organization and differential activation of a gene family encoding the plant defense enzyme chalcone synthase in Phaseolus vulgaris. Mol Gen Genet 210: 219–233(1987).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Harker CL, Noel TH, Coen EC: Identification and genetic regulation of the chalcone synthase multigene family in pea. Plant Cell 2: 185–194(1990).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wingender R, Rohrig H, Horicke C, Wing D, Schell J: Differential regulation of soybean chalcone synthase genes in plant defense, symbiosis and upon environmental stimuli. Mol Gen Genet 218: 315–322(1989).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Grab D, Loyal R, Ebel J: Elicitor-induced phytoalexin synthesis in soybean cells: changes in the activity of chalcone synthase mRNA and the total population of translatable mRNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 243: 523–529(1985).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Akada S, Kung SD, Dube SK: Nucleotide sequence of one member of soybean chalcone synthase multigene family. Nucl Acids Res 18: 3398 (1990).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Akada S, Kung SD, Dube SK: The nucleotide sequence of gene 3 of the soybean chalcone synthase multigene family. Nucl Acids Res 18: 5899 (1990).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Akada S, Kung SD, Dube SK: The nucleotide sequence of gene 1 of the soybean chalcone synthase multigene gamily. Plant Mol Biol 16: 751–752(1991).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Akada S, Kung SD, Dube SK: Nucleotide sequence and putative regulatory elements of gene 2 of the soybean (Glycine max) chalcone synthase multigene family. Plant Physiol 102: 317–319(1993).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Akada S, Kung SD, Dube SK: Nucleotide sequence and putative regulatory elements of a nodule-development-specific member of the soybean (Glycine max) chalcone synthase multigene family, Gmchs7. Plant Physiol 102: 321–323 (1993).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Akada S, Kung SD, Dube SK: Nucleotide sequence of a soybean chalcone synthase gene with a possible role in Ultraviolet-B sensitivity, Gmchs6. Plant Physiol 102: 699–701 (1993).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Akada S, Dube SK: Organization of soybean chalcone synthase gene clusters and characterization of a new member of the family. Plant Mol Biol 29: 189–199(1995).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Joshi CP: An inspection of domain between putative TATA box and translation start site in 79 plant genes. Nucl Acids Res 15: 6643–6653 (1987).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Loake GJ, Faktor O, Lamb CJ, Dixon RA: Combination of Hbox [CCTACC(N)7CT] and G-box (CACGTG) cis elements is necessary for feed forward stimulation of a chalcone synthase promoter by the phenylpropanoid pathway intermediate p-coumaric acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 9230–9234 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kreuzaler F, Ragg H, Fautz E, Kuhn DN, Hahlbrock K: UVinduction of chalcone synthase mRNA in cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 2591–2593 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Sisson WB, Caldwell MM: Lamp/filter systems for simulation of solar UV irradiance under reduced atmospheric ozone. Photochem Photobiol 21: 453–456, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Krizek DT, Koch EJ: Use of regression analysis to estimate UV spectral irradiance from broad band radiometer settings under FS-40 fluorescent sunlamps filtered with cellulose acetate. Photochem Photobiol 30: 483–489(1979).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Sambrook J, Fritch EF, Maniatis T: Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Dieffenbach CW, Dveksler GS (eds): PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Shah DM, Hightower RC, Meagher RB: Complete nucleotide sequence of a soybean actin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 1022–1026 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kubasek WL, Shirley BW, McKillop A, Goodman HM, Briggs W, Ausbel FM: Regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in germinating Arabiopsis seedlings. Plant Cell 4: 1229–1236 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Li JY, Ou-Lee TM, Raba R, Amundson RG, Last RL: Arabidopsis flavonoid mutants are hypersensitive to UV-B irradiation. Plant Cell 5: 171–179(1993).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Estbrook EM, Sengupta-Gopalan C: Differential expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase during soybean nodule development. Plant Cell 3: 299–308(1991).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036, Japan

    Takeshi Shimizu, Ryuji Ishikawa, Takeo Harada & Minoru Niizeki

  2. Gene Research Center, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036, Japan

    Shinji Akada & Mineo Senda

  3. Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, MD, 20742-4450, USA

    Shyam K. Dube

Authors
  1. Takeshi Shimizu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shinji Akada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mineo Senda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ryuji Ishikawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Takeo Harada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Minoru Niizeki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Shyam K. Dube
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shimizu, T., Akada, S., Senda, M. et al. Enhanced expression and differential inducibility of soybean chalcone synthase genes by supplemental UV-B in dark-grown seedlings. Plant Mol Biol 39, 785–795 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006124219945

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006124219945

Search

Navigation