Skip to main content
Log in

Optical traps: shedding light on biological processes

  • Published:
Biotechnology Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Optical traps exploit the radiation forces of laser light to manipulate microscopic particles. The ability to manipulate biological material and quantify the force required has been exploited in the biosciences; from the isolation of single cells to kinetic measurements of single motor molecules. This review describes the theory of optical trapping and using recent publications gives examples of how it has been employed across a broad spectrum of biological research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Arai Y, Yasuda R, Akashi K-I, Harada Y, Miyata H, Kinosita Jr K, Itoh H (1999) Tying a molecular knot with optical tweezers.Nature 399:446–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashkin A (1997) Optical trapping and manipulation of neutralparticles using lasers.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4853–4860.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashkin A, Dziedzic JM (1987) Optical trapping and manipulation of viruses and bacteria.Science 235:1517–1520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashkin A, Dziedzic JM (1989) Internal cell manipulation using infrared laser traps.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:7914–7918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashkin A, Dziedzic JM, Yamane T (1987) Optical trapping and manipulation of single cells using infrared laser beams.Nature 330:769–771.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashkin A, Schutze K, Dziedzic JM, Euteneuer U, Schliwa M(1990)Force generation of organelle transport measured in vivo by an infrared laser trap.Nature 348:346–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berns MW, Tadir Y, Liang H, Tromberg B (1998) Laser scissors and tweezers. In: Sheetz MP, ed.Laser Tweezers in Cell Biology, Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 55. New York: Academic Press,pp. 71–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block SM, Blair DF, Berg HC (1989) Compliance of bacterialflagella measured with optical tweezers.Nature 338:514–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronkhorst PJH, Streekstra GJ, Grimbergen J, Nijhof EJ, Sixma JJ, Brakenhoff GJ (1995) A new method to study shape recovery ofred blood cells using multiple optical trapping.Biophys. J. 69:1666–1673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalfie M, Tu Y, Euskirchen G, Ward WW, Prasher DC (1994)Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression.Science 263:802–805.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dai J, Sheetz MP (1995) Mechanical properties of neuronal growth cone membranes studied by tether formation with laser opticaltweezers.Biophys. J. 68:988–996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edidin M, Kuo SC, Sheetz MP (1991) Lateral movement of membraneglycoproteins restricted by dynamic cytoplasmic barriers.Science 254:1379–1382.

    Google Scholar 

  • ErikssonM, Leitz G, Fallman E, Axner O, Ryan JC, Nakamura MC, Sentman CL (1999) Inhibitory receptors alter natural killer cellinteractions with target cells yet allow simultaneous killing ofsusceptible targets.J. Exp. Med. 190:1005–1012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson RL, Buckley EN, Palumbo AV (1984) Response of marinebacterioplankton to differential filtration and confinement.Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 47:49–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finer JT, Simmons RM, Spudich JA (1994) Single myosin moleculemechanics – piconewton forces and nanometer steps.Nature 368:113–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greulich KO, Pilarczyk G (1998) Laser tweezers and optical microsurgeryin cellular and molecular biology. Working principlesand selected applications.Cell. Mol. Biol. 44:701–710.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greulich KO, Weber G (1992) The light microscope on its way froman analytical to a preparative tool.J. Microsc. 167:127–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holm A, Sundqvist T, Oberg A, Magnusson KE (1999) Mechanicalmanipulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte plasmamembranes with optical tweezers causes influx of extracellularcalcium through membrane channels.Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 37:410–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber R, Burggraf S, Mayer T, Barns SM, Rossnagel P, StetterKO (1995) Isolation of hyperthermophilic archaeum predicted by in situ RNA analysis.Nature 376:57–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keese MA, Saffrich R, Dandekar T, Becker K, Schirmer RH (1999)Microinjected glutathione reductase crystals as indicators of theredox status in living cells.FEBS Lett. 447:135–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta AD, Finer JT, Spudich JA (1998) Use of optical traps insingle-molecule study of nonprocessive biological motors. In:Vallee RB, ed.Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 298. New York: Academic Press, pp. 436–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta AD, Rief M, Spudich JA, Smith DA, Simmons RM (1999a)Single-molecule biomechanics with optical methods.Science 283:1689–1695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta AD, Rief M, Spudich JA (1999b) Biomechanics, one moleculeat a time.J. Biol. Chem. 274:21: 14517–14520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura Y, Misumi O, Matsunaga S, Higashiyama T, Yokota A, Kuroiwa T (1999) The active digestion of uniparental chloroplastDNA in a single zygote of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is revealed by using the optical tweezer.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:12577–12582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutze K, Clemeny-Sengewald A, Berg FD (1994) Laser zonadrilling and sperm transfer into the perivitelline space.Fert.Steril. 61:783–786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutze K, Posl H, Lahr G (1998) Laser micromanipulation systemsas universal tools in cellular and molecular biology and inmedicine.Cell. Mol. Biol. 44:735–746.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeger S, Monajembashi S, Hutter K-J, Futterman G, Wolfrum J, Greulich KO (1991) Application of laser optical tweezers inimmunology and molecular genetics.Cytometry 12:497–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheetz MP, ed. (1998) tiLaser Tweezers in Cell Biology, Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 55. New York: Academic Press.

  • Shivashankar GV, Feingold M, Krichevsky O, Libchaber A (1999) RecA polymerisation on double-stranded DNA by using singlemoleculemanipulation: the role of ATP hydrolysis.Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 96:7916–7921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sleep J, Wilson D, Simmons R, Gratzer W (1999) Elasticity of the red cell membrane and its relation to hemolytic disorders: anoptical tweezers study.Biophys J. 77:3085–3095.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svoboda K, Schmidt CF, Schnapp BJ, Block SM (1993) Direct observationof kinesin stepping by optical trapping interferometry.Nature 365:721–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torsvik V, Sorheim R, Goksoyr J (1996) Total bacterial diversity insoil and sediment communities – a review.J. Ind. Microbiol. 17:170–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdivia RH, Falkow S (1996) Bacterial genetics by flow cytometry:rapid isolation of Salmonella typhimurium acid-induciblepromoters by differential fluorescence induction.Mol. Microbiol. 22:367–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visscher K, Block SM (1998) Versatile optical traps with feedback control. In: Vallee RB, ed.Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 298.New York: Academic Press, pp. 460–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker LM, Holm A, Cooling L, Maxwell L, Oberg A, Sundqvist T, El Haj AJ (1999) Mechanical manipulation of bone and cartilagecells with ‘optical tweezers’.FEBS Lett. 459:39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang MD, Schnitzer MJ, Yin H, Landick R, Gelles J, Block MD(1998) Force and velocity measured for single molecules of RNApolymerase.Science 282: 902–907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegand-Steubing R, Cheng S, Wright WH, Numajiri Y, Berns MW(1991) Laser-induced cell fusion in combination with opticaltweezers: the laser fusion trap.Cytometry 12:505–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winckler B, Forscher P, Mellman I (1999) A diffusion barrier maintains distribution of membrane proteins in polarized neurons.Nature 397:698–701.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Allaway, D., Schofield, N.A. & Poole, P.S. Optical traps: shedding light on biological processes. Biotechnology Letters 22, 887–892 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005647711606

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005647711606

Navigation