Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in a biofilm were quantified by measuring the total cell volume from a 3-D image of the biofilm using confocal laser scanning microscope after staining cells with a fluorescent dye specific for nucleic acids. The EPS content was the difference between the volatile solids in the biofilm and the total cell mass, which could be quantified from the measured cell volume.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1992) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edn. Baltimore: Port City Press.
Bakken LR, Olsen RA (1983) Buoyant densities and dry-matter contents of microorganisms: conversion of a measured biovolume into biomass. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45: 1188-1195.
Bratbak G, Dundas I (1984) Bacterial dry matter content and biomass estimations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43: 755-757.
Christensen BE, Characklis WG (1990) Physical and chemical properties of biofilms. In: Characklis WG, Marshall KC, eds. Biofilms. New York: Wiley, pp. 93-129.
Fang HHP, Jia XS (1996) Extraction of extracellular polymer from anaerobic sludge. Biotechnol. Tech. 10: 803-808.
Fang HHP, Xu LC, Chan KY (2000) Influence of CrC3 on microbial cluster formation in biofilm and on steel corrosion. Biotechnol. Lett. 22: 801-805.
Frølund B, Palmgren R, Keiding K, Nielsen PH (1996) Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin. Wat. Res. 30: 1749-1758.
Jahn A, Nielsen PH (1998) Cell biomass and exopolymer composition in sewer biofilms. Wat. Sci. Technol. 37: 17-24.
Korber DR, Lawrence JR, Hendry MJ, Caldwell DE (1993) Analysis of spatial variability within mot+ and mot- Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms using representative elements. Biofouling 7: 339-358.
Lawrence JR, Neu TR, Swerhone GDW (1998) Application of multiple parameter imaging for the quantification of algae, bacterial and exopolymer components of microbial biofilms. J. Microbiol. Meth. 32: 253-261.
Luria SE (1960) The bacteria protoplasm: composition and organization. In: Gunsalus IC, Stanier RY, eds. The Bacteria, Vol. 1. New York: Acedamic Press, pp. 1-34.
McGill WB, Hunt HW, Woodmansee RG, Reuss JO (1981) Phoenix, a model of the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in grassland soils. Ecol. Bull. 33: 49-115.
Montesions E, Esteve I, Guerrero R (1983) Comparison between direct methods for determination of microbial cell volume: electron microscopy and electron particle sizing. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45: 1651-1658.
Neu TR, Lawrence JR (1999) In Situ characterization of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in biofilm systems. In: Wingerder J, Neu TR, Flemming HC, eds. Microbial Extracellular Polymeric Substances. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 21-47.
Panda AK, Chakraborty AK (1997) Studies on the interaction of bacterial lipopolysaccharide with cationic dyes by absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. (A: Chem.) 111: 157-162.
Paul JH (1982) Use of Hoechst dyes 33258 and 33342 for enumeration of attached and planktonic bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43: 939-944.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, T., Fang, H.H. Quantification of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilms by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Biotechnology Letters 23, 405–409 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005620730265
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005620730265