REFERENCES
Anderson, L. T., & Ernst, M. (1994). Self-injurious behavior in patients with Lesch-Nyhan disease. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 67–81.
Basbaum, A. I. (1974). Effects of central lesions on disorders produced by multiple dorsal rhizotomy in rats. Experimental Neurology, 42, 490–501.
Baumeister, A. A., & Frye, G. D. (1984). Self-injurious behavior in rats produced by intranigral microinjection of GABA agonists. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 21, 89–95.
Baumeister, A. A., & Frye, G. D. (1986). Involvement of the midbrain reticular formation in self-injurious behavior, stereotyped behavior, and analgesia induced by intranigral microinjection of muscimol. Brain Research, 369, 231–242.
Bhattacharya, S. K., Jaiswal, A. K., Mukhopadhyay, M., & Datla, K. P. (1988). Clonidine-induced automutilation in mice as a laboratory model for clinical self-injurious behaviour. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 22, 43–50.
Breese, G. R., Baumeister, A. A., McCown, T. J., Emerick, S. G., Frye, G. D., & Mueller, R. A. (1984). Neonatal-6-hydroxydopamine treatment: model of susceptibility for self-mutilation in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Pharmacology Biochemistry Behavior, 21, 459–461.
Chamove, A. S., & Harlow, H. F. (1970). Exaggeration of self-aggression following alcohol ingestion in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 75, 207–209.
Chugani, D. C., Muzik, O., Behen, M., Rothermel, R., Janisse, J. J., Lee, J., & Chugani, H. T. (1999). Developmental changes in brain serotonin synthesis capacity in autistic and nonautistic children. Annals of Neurology, 45, 287–295.
Chugani, D. C., Muzik, O., Rothermel, R., Behen, M., Chakraborty, P., Mangner, T., da Silva, E. A., & Chugani, H. T. (1997). Altered serotonin synthesis in the dentatothalamocortical pathway in autistic boys. Annals of Neurology, 42, 666–669.
Criswell, H. E., Mueller, R. A., & Breese, G. R. (1992). Pharmacologic evaluation of SCH-39166, A-69024, NO-0756, and SCH-23390 in neonatal-6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Further evidence that self-mutilatory behavior induced by L-dopa is related to D1 dopamine receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology, 7, 95–103.
Cromwell, H. C., King, B. H., & Levine, M. S. (1997). Pemoline alters dopamine modulation of synaptic responses of neostriatal neurons in vitro. Developmental Neuroscience, 19, 497–504.
Dunnett, S. B., Sirinathsinghji, D. J., Heavens, R., Rogers, D. C., & Kuehn, M. R. (1989). Monoamine deficiency in a transgenic (Hprt-) mouse model of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Brain Research, 501, 401–406.
Ernst, M., Zametkin, A. J., Matochik, J. A., Pascualvaca, D., & Cohen, R. M. (1997). Low medial prefrontal dopaminergic activity in autistic children. Lancet, 350, 638.
Ernst, M., Zametkin, A. J., Matochik, J. A., Pascualvaca, D., & Jons, P. H., Hardy, K., Hankerson, J. G., Doudet, D. D., & Cohen, R. M. (1996). Presynaptic dopaminergic deficits in Lesch-Nyhan Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 334, 1568–1604.
Genovese, E., Napoli, P. A., & Bolego-Zonta, N. (1969). Self-aggressiveness: a new type of behavioral change induced by pemoline. Life Sciences, 8, 513–515.
Gluck, J. P., Otto, M. W., & Beauchamp, A. J. (1985). Respondent conditioning of self-injurious behavior in early socially deprived rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 222–226.
Goldstein, M. (1989). Dopaminergic mechanisms in self-inflicting biting behavior. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 25, 349–352.
Harris, J. C. (1992). Neurobiological factors involved in self-injurious behavior. In J. K. Luiselli, J. L. Matson, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior: Analysis, assessment and treatment. New York: Springer Verlag.
Hooper, M., Hardy, K., Handyside, A., Hunter, S., & Monk, M. (1987). HPRT-deficient (Lesch-Nyhan) mouse embryos derived from germ-line colonization by cultured cells. Nature, 326, 292–295.
Jinnah, H. A., Gage, F. H., & Friedmann, T. (1990). Animal models of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Brain Research Bulletin, 25, 467–475.
Jones, I. H., & Barraclough, B. M. (1978). Auto-mutilation in animals and its relevance to self-injury in man. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 58, 40–47.
Kluver, H., & Bucy, P. C. (1939). Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 42, 979–1000.
Kuehn, M. R., Bradley, A., Robertson, E. J., & Evans, M. J. (1987). A potential animal model for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome through introduction of HPRT mutations into mice. Nature, 326, 295–298.
Lesch, M., & Nyhan, W. L. (1964). A familial disorder of uric acid metabolism and central nervous system function. American Journal of Medicine, 36, 561–570.
Lucot, J. B., McMillan, D. E., & Leander, J. D. (1979). The behavioral effects of d-amphetamine alone and in combination with acute and chronic morphine treatments in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 210, 158–165.
Mardikar, B. R., Srinivasan, S., & Balwani, J. H. (1969). On the phenomenon of caffeine induced automutilation. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 13, 261–263.
Razzak, A., Fujiwara, M., Oishi, R., & Ueki, S. (1977). Possible involvement of a central noradrenergic system in automutilation induced by clonidine in mice. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 27, 145–152.
Sakata, T., & Fuchimoto, H. (1973). Stereotyped and aggressive behavior induced by sustained high dose of theophylline in rats. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 23, 781–785.
Winchel, R. M., & Stanley, M. (1991). Self-injurious behavior: a review of the behavior and biology of self-mutilation [see comments]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 306–317.
Wong, D. F., Harris, J. C., Naidu, S., Yokoi, F., Marenco, S., Dannals, R. F., Ravert, H. T., Yaster, M., Evans, A., Rousset, O., Bryan, R. N., Gjedde, A., Kuhar, M. J., & Breese, G. R. (1996). Dopamine transporters are markedly reduced in Lesch-Nyhan disease in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (U.S.), 93, 5539–5543.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ernst, M. Commentary: Considerations on the Characterization and Treatment of Self-Injurious Behavior. J Autism Dev Disord 30, 447–450 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005507708636
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005507708636