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Mitochondrial Genome Mutation in Cell Death and Aging

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Abstract

This article reviews the concept, molecular genetics, and pathology of cell death and agingin relation to mitochondrial genome mutation. Accumulating evidence emphasizes the role ofgenetic factors in the development of naturally occurring cell death and aging. The ATPrequired for a cell's biological activity is almost exclusively produced by mitochondria. Eachmitochondrion possesses its own DNA (mtDNA) that codes essential subunits of themitochondrial energy-transducing system. Recent studies confirm that mtDNA is unexpectedly fragileto hydroxyl radical damage, hence to the oxygen stress. Cellular mtDNA easily fragmentsinto over a hundred-types of deleted mtDNA during the life of an individual. Cumulativeaccumulation of these oxygen damages and deletions in mtDNA results in a defective energytransducing system and in bioenergetic crisis. The crisis leads cells to the collapse ofmitochondrial trans-membrane potential, to the release of the apoptotic protease activating factors intocytosol, to uncontrolled cell death, to tissue degeneration and atrophy, and to aging. Thetotal base sequencing of mtDNA among individuals revealed that germ-line point mutationstransmitted from ancestors accelerate the somatic oxygen damages and mutations in mtDNAleading to phenotypic expression of premature aging and degenerative diseases. A practicalsurvey of point mutations will be useful for genetic diagnosis in predicting the life-span ofan individual.

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    Takayuki Ozawa (Professor Emeritus)

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Ozawa, T. Mitochondrial Genome Mutation in Cell Death and Aging. J Bioenerg Biomembr 31, 377–390 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005479920097

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