Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that males and females of the cherry bark tortrix (CBT), Enarmonia formosana, antennally perceive and behaviorally respond to volatiles from nonhost plants. Volatiles from flowering cherry trees, Prunus serrulata Kwanzan, and from nonhost trees, including trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides, grand fir, Abies grandis, Norway spruce, Picea abies, and Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, were captured on Porapak Q and extracts analyzed by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Compounds that elicited responses from male and female antennae were identified by coupled GC–mass spectrometry (MS) and by comparative GC-MS and GC-EAD with authentic standards. In field cage and field experiments, nonanal from aspen trees and (±)-α-pinene from coniferous trees were effective in reducing captures of male CBT in pheromone-baited traps and deterring oviposition by female CBT on cherry blocks. Recognition of nonhost volatiles, such as nonanal and α-pinene, may allow male and/or female CBT to avoid trees that provide inadequate concealment from predators during calling, resting, and copulation and that are unsuitable for oviposition and development of offspring. Nonhost volatiles may also be exploited for control of CBT by disrupting both mate- and host-finding.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Arn, H., St Ädler, E., and Rauscher, S. 1975. The electroantennographic detector-a selective and sensitive tool in the gas chromatographic analysis of insect pheromones. Z. Naturforsch. 30c:722–725.
BÉdard, C. 1998. Chemical ecology of spruce seed moth, Cydia strobilella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). MPM thesis. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.
Blum, M. S. 1996. Semiochemical parsimony in the arthropoda. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41:353–374.
Borden, J. H. 1997. Disruption of semiochemical-mediated aggregation in bark beetles, pp. 421–438, in R. T. Cardé and A. K. Minks (eds.). Pheromone Research: New Directions. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Borden, J. H., Huber, D. P. W., Pierce, H. D., JR., Gries, G., Gries, R., Chong, L. L., and Wilson, I. M. 1997. Non-host volatiles as repellents for conifer-infesting bark beetles. U.S. patent application (submitted).
Borden, J. H., Wilson, I. M., Gries, R., Chong, L. J., Pierce, H.D., JR., and Gries, G. 1998. Volatiles from the bark of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae) disrupt secondary attraction by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Chemoecology 8:69–75.
Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Wasicky, M., and Nikiforov, A. 1994. Volatiles of common horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) (Hippocastanaceae) peels and seeds. J. Essent. Oil Res. 6:507–511.
Dang, P. T., and Parker, D. J. 1990. First records of Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli) in North America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Entomol. Soc. B.C. 87:3–6.
Dickens, J. C., Billings, R. F., and Payne, T. L. 1992. Green leaf volatiles interrupt aggregation pheromone response in bark beetles infesting southern pines. Experientia 48:523–524.
Gray, T. G., Slessor, K. N., Shepherd, R. F., Grant, G. G., and Manville, J. F. 1984. European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Identification of additional pheromone components resulting in an improved lure. Can. Entomol. 116:1525–1532.
Hedin, P. A., Thompson, A. C., and Gueldner, R. C. 1973. The boll weevil-cotton complex. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. Rev. 1:291–351.
Honda, K. 1995. Chemical basis of differential oviposition by lepidopterous insects. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 30:1–23.
Kurucu, S., Koyuncu, M., Guvenc, A., Baser, K. H. C., and Ozek, T. 1993. The essential oil of Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac). J. Essent. Oil Res. 5:481–486.
Lamb, B., Guenther, A., Gay, D., and Westberg, H. 1987. A national inventory of hydrocarbon emissions. Atmos. Environ. 21:1695–1705.
Lindgren, B. S., and Borden, J. H. 1993. Displacement and aggregation of mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in response to their antiaggregation and aggregation pheromones. Can. J. For. Res. 23:286–290.
Liu, S.-H., Norris, D. M., and Lyne, P. 1989. Volatiles from the foliage of soybean, Glycine max, and lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus: Their behavioral effects on the insects Trichoplusia ni and Epilachna varivestis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 37:496–501.
Mcnair, C. N., Gries, G., and Gries, R. 1998a. Sex pheromone components of the cherry bark tortrix, Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Can. Entomol. 131:85–92.
Mcnair, C. N., Gries, G., and Sidney, M. 1998b. Toward pheromone-based mating disruption of the cherry bark tortrix, Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on ornamental cherry trees. Can. Entomol. 131:97–105.
Miller, J. R., and Cowles, R. S. 1990. Stimulo-deterrent diversion: A concept and its possible application to onion maggot control. J. Chem. Ecol. 16:3197–3212.
Oehlschlager, A. C., Pierce, A. M., Pierce, H. D., JR., and Borden, J. H. 1988. Chemical communication in cucujid grain beetles. J. Chem. Ecol. 14:2071–2098.
Roediger, H. 1956. Untersuchungen über den Rindenwickler Enarmonia woeberiana Schiff. (Lepid. Tortr.). Z. Angew. Entomol. 38:295–321.
Schroeder, L. M. 1992. Olfactory recognition of nonhosts aspen and birch by conifer bark beetles Tomicus piniperda and Hylurgops palliatus. J. Chem. Ecol. 18:1583–1593.
Schweitzer, E. K., Sanes, J. R., and Hildebrand, J. G. 1976. Ontogeny of electroantennogram responses in the moth, Manduca sexta. J. Insect Physiol. 22:955–960.
StÄdler, E. 1974. Host plant stimuli affecting oviposition behavior of the eastern spruce budworm. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 17:176–188.
Sziraki, G. 1984. Dispersal and movement activity of some important moth pests living on stone fruits. Acta Phyt. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19:51–64.
TØmmerÅs, B. Å, and Mustaparta, H. 1989. Single cell responses to pheromones, host and nonhost volatiles in the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 52:141–148.
Van Der Pers, J. N. C. 1981. Comparison of electroantennogram response spectra to plant volatiles in seven species of Yponomeuta and in the tortricid Adoxophyes orana. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 30:181–192.
Visser, J. H. 1986. Host odor perception in phytophagous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 31:121–144.
Visser, J. H., and AvÉ D. A. 1978. General green leaf volatiles in the olfactory orientation of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 24:738–749.
Wilson, I. M. 1995. Antiaggregants for the mountain pine beetle. Master of Pest Management Thesis. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.
Winfield, A. L. 1964. The biology and control of the cherry-bark tortrix moth. Plant Pathol. 13:115–120.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McNair, C., Gries, G. & Gries, R. Cherry Bark Tortrix, Enarmonia formosana: Olfactory Recognition of and Behavioral Deterrence by Nonhost Angio- and Gymnosperm Volatiles. J Chem Ecol 26, 809–821 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005443822030
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005443822030