Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Earth's Dynamic Magnetotail

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Geomagnetic field lines that are stretched on the nightside of the Earth due to reconnection with the interplanetary magnetic field constitute the Earth's magnetotail. The magnetotail is a dynamic entity where energy imparted from the solar wind is stored and then released to generate disturbance phenomena such as substorms. This paper gives an updated overview on the physics of the magnetotail by drawing heavily from recent research conducted with the GEOTAIL satellite. It summarizes firstly the basic properties of the magnetotail such as shape, size and magnetic flux content, internal motion and plasma regimes. Then it describes characteristics of tail plasmas of the solar-wind and the ionosphere origins. Thirdly it addresses acceleration and heating of plasmas in the magnetotail, where reconnection between the stretched field lines is the main driver but the site of the acceleration is not limited to the immediate vicinity of the neutral line. In the collisionless regime of the plasma sheet kinetic behaviors of ions and electrons control the acceleration process. The paper closes by enumerating the problems posed for future studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, K. A., Harris, H. K. and Paoli, R. J.: 1965, ‘Energetic Electron Fluxes in and Beyond the Earth's Outer Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 70: 1039–1050.

    Google Scholar 

  • André, M. and Yau, A.: 1997, ‘Theories and Observations of Ion Energization and Outflow in the High Latitude Magnetosphere’, Space Sci. Rev. 80: 27–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angelopoulos, V., Baumjohann, W., Kennel, C. F., Coroniti, F. V., Kivelson, M. G., Pellat, R., Walker, R. J., Lühr, H. and Paschmann, G.: 1992, ‘Bursty Bulk Flows in the Inner Central Plasma Sheet’, J. Geophys. Res. 97: 4027–4039.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angelopoulos, V., Kennel, C. F., Coroniti, F. V., Pellat, R., Kivelson, M. G., Walker, R. J., Russell, C. T., Baumjohann, W., Feldman, W. C. and Gosling, J. T.: 1994, ‘Statistical Characteristics of Bursty Bulk Flow Events’, J. Geophys. Res. 99: 21257–21280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashour-Abdalla, M. El-Alaoui, M., Peroomian, V., Raeder, J., Walker, R. J., Richard, R. L., Zelenyi, L. M., Frank, L. A., Paterson, W. R., Bosqued, J. M., Lepping, R. P., Ogilvie, K., Kokubun, S. and Yamamoto, T.: 1997, ‘Ion Sources and Acceleration Mechanisms Inferred from Local Distribution Functions’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24: 955–958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashour-Abdalla, M., Raeder, J., El-Alaoui, M. and Peroomian, V.: 1998, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S.W. H. Cowley (eds.), ‘Magnetotail Structure and Its Internal Dynamics During Northward IMF’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys. Mono, Vol. 105, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C., pp. 77–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axford, W. I., Petscheck, H. E. and Siscoe, G. L.: 1965, ‘Tail of the Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 70: 1231–1236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axford, W. I.: 1999, ‘Reconnection, Substorms, and Solar Flares’, Phys. Chem. Earth 24: 147–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, D. N., Bame, S. J., Feldman, W. C., Gosling, J. T., Zwickl, R. D., Slavin, J. A. and Smith, E. J.: 1986, ‘Strong Electron Bidirectional Anisotropies in the Distant Tail; ISEE 3 Observations of Polar Rain, J. Geophys. Res. 91: 5637–5662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, D. N., Anderson, R. C., Zwickl, R. D. and Slavin, J. A.: 1987, ‘Average Plasma and Magnetic Field Variations in the Distant Magnetotail Associated with Near-Earth Substorm Effects’, J. Geophys. Res. 92: 71–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, D. N. and Pulkkinen, T. I.: 1998, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S. W. H. Cowley, ‘Large-Scale Structure of the Magnetosphere’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys. Mono., Vol. 105, pp. 21–31, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumjohann, W., Paschmann, G. and Cattell, C. A.: 1989, ‘Average Plasma Properties in the Central Plasma Sheet’, J. Geophys. 94: 6597–6606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumjohann, W.: 1998, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S. W. H. Cowley (eds), ‘Ion and Electron Heating in the Near-Earth Tail’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys. Mono., Vol. 105, pp. 97–102, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumjohann, W., Hesse, M., Kokubun, S., Mukai, T., Nagai, T. and Petrukovich, A.: 1999, ‘Substorm Dipolarization and Recovery’, J. Geophys. Res. 104: 24995–25000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birn, J. and Hesse, M.: 1996, ‘Details of Current Disruption and Diversion in Simulations of Magnetotail Dynamics’, J. Geophys. Res. 101: 15345–15358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Büchner, J. and Zelenyi, L. M.: 1989, ‘Regular and Chaotic Charged Particle Motion in Magnetotaillike Field Reversals, 1, Basic Theory of Trapped Motion’, J. Geophys. Res. 94: 11821–11842.

    Google Scholar 

  • Candidi, M., Orsini, S. and Formisano, V.: 1982, ‘The Properties of Ionospheric OC Ions as Observed in the Magnetotail Boundary Layer and Northern Plasma Lobe’, J. Geophys. Res. 87: 9097–9106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, C. A. and Mozer, F. S.: 1986, ‘Experimental Determination of the Dominant Wave Mode in the Active Near-Earth Magnetotail’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 13: 221–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappell, D. R., Moore, T. E. and Waite, J. H. Jr.: 1987, ‘The Ionosphere as a Fully Adequate Source of Plasma for the Earth's Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 92: 5896–59107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christon, S. P., Eastman, T. E., Doke, T., Frank, L. A., Gloeckler, G., Kojima, H., Kokubun, S., Lui, A. T. Y., Matsumoto, H., McEntire, R. M., Mukai, T., Nylund, S. R., Paterson, W. R., Roelof, E. C., Saito, Y., Sotirelis, T., Tsuruda, K., Williams, D. J. and Yamamoto, T.: 1998, ‘Magnetospheric Plasma Regimes Identified Using Geotail Measurements 2. Statistics, Spatial Distribution, and Geomagnetic Dependence’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 23521–23542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coroniti, F. V.: 1971, ‘Laminar Wave-Train Structure of Collisionless Magnetic Slow Shocks’, Nucl. Fusion 11: 261–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowley, S. W. H.: 1981, ‘Magnetospheric Asymmetries Associated with the Y-Component of the IMF’, Planet. Space Sci. 29: 79–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delcourt, D. C. and Belmont, G.: 1998, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S. W. H. Cowley (eds.), ‘Particle Dynamics in the Near-Earth Magnetotail and Macroscopic Consequences’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys. Mono., Vol. 105, pp. 193–210, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dungey, J. W.: 1965, ‘The Length of the Magnetospheric Tail’, J. Geophys. Res. 70: 1753.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eastman, T. E., Christon, S. P., Doke, T., Frank, L. A., Gloeckler, G., Kojima, H., Kokubun, S., Lui, A. T. Y., Matsumoto, H., McEntire, R. M., Mukai, T., Paterson, W. R., Roelof, E. C., Saito, Y., Tsuruda, K., Williams, D. J. and Yamamoto, T.: 1998, ‘Magnetospheric Plasma Regimes Identified Using Geotail Measurements 1. Regime Identification and Distant Tail Variability’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 23503–23520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairfield, D. H.: 1992, ‘On the Structure of the Distant Tail: ISEE 3’, J. Geophys. Res. 97: 1403–1410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairfield, D. H. and Ness, N. F.: 1970, ‘Configuration of the Geomagnetic Tail During Substorms’, J. Geophys. Res. 75: 7032–7047.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairfield, D. H. and Jones, J.: 1996, ‘Variability of the Tail Lobe Field Strength’, J. Geophys. Res. 101: 7785–7791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairfield, D. H., Mukai, T., Lui, A. T. Y., Cattell, C.A., Reeves, G.D., Nagai, T., Rostoker, G., Singer, H. J., Kaiser, M. L., Kokubun, S., Lazarus, A. J., Lepping, R. P., Nakamura, M., Steinberg, J. T., Tsuruda, K., Williams, D. J. and Yamamoto, T.: 1998, ‘Geotail Observations of Substorm Onset in the Inner Magnetotail’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 103–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedder, J. A. and Lyon, J. G.: 1995, ‘The Earth's Magnetosphere is 165 R E Long: Self-Consistent Currents, Convection, Magnetic Structure, and Processes for Northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field’, J. Geophys. Res. 100: 3623–3635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, W. C., Schwartz, S. J., Bame, S. J., Baker, D. N., Birn, J., Gosling, J. T., Hones, E. W. Jr., McComas, D. J., Slavin, J. A., Smith, E. J. and Zwickl, R. D.: 1984, ‘Evidence for Slow-Mode Shocks in the Deep Geomagnetic Tail’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 11: 599–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, W. C., Tokar, R. L., Birn, J., Hones, E. W. Jr., Bame, S. J. and Russell, C. T.: 1987, ‘Structure of a Slow Mode Shock Observed in the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer’, J. Geophys. Res. 92: 83–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A., Ackerson, K. L. and Yeager, D. M.: 1977, ‘Observations of Atomic Oxygen (O+) in the Earth's Magnetotail’, J. Geophys. Res. 82: 129–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A., Paterson, W. R. and Kivelson, M. G.: 1994, ‘Observations of Nonadiabatic Acceleration of Ions in Earth's Magnetotail’, J. Geophys. Res. 99: 14877–14890.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. A., Paterson, W. R., Kokubun, S., Yamamoto, T., Lepping, R. P. and Ogilvie, K. W.: 1997, ‘Observations of a Current Pulse in the Near-Earth Plasma Sheet Associated with a Substorm Onset’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24: 967–970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto, M. and Terasawa, T.: 1994, ‘Anomalous Ion Mixing Within an MHD Scale K-H Vortex’, J. Geophys. Res. 99: 8601–8613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto, M., Nishida, A., Mukai, T., Saito, Y., Yamamoto, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1996a, ‘Plasma Entry from the Flanks of the Near-Earth Magnetotail: Geotail Observations in the Dawnside LLBL and the Plasma Sheet’, J. Geomag. Geoelectr. 48: 711–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto, M., Nakamura, M. S., Nagai, T., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1996b, ‘New Kinetic Evidence for the Near-Earth Reconnection’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23: 2533–2536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto, M., Nakamura, M. S., Shinohara, I., Nagai, T., Mukai, T., Saito, Y., Yamamoto, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1997, ‘Observations of Earthward Streaming Electrons at the Trailing Boundary of a Plasmoid’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24: 2893–2896.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto, M., Terasawa, T., Mukai, T., Saito, Y., Yamamoto, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1998a, ‘Plasma Entry from the Flanks of the Near-Earth Magnetotail: Geotail Observations’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 4391–4408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto, M., Terasawa, T. and Mukai, T.: 1998b, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S. W. H. Cowley (eds), ‘The Low-Latitude Boundary Layer in the Tail-Flanks’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys. Mono., Vol. 105, pp. 33–44, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuselier, S. A., Anderson, B. J. and Onsager, T. G.: 1995, ‘Particle Signature of Magnetic Topology at the Magnetopause: AMPTE/CCE Observations’, J. Geophys. Res. 100: 11805–11821.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gary, S. P., Madland, C. D., Schriver, D. and Winske, D.: 1986, ‘Computer Simulations of Electromagnetic Cool Ion Beam Instabilities’, J. Geophys. Res. 91: 4188–4200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J. T., Baker, D. N., Bame, S. J., Feldman, W. C., Zwickl, R. and Smith, E. J.: 1985, ‘North-South and Dawn-Dusk Asymmetries in the Distant Tail Lobes: ISEE 3’, J. Geophys. Res. 90: 6354–6360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J. T., Thomsen, M. F., Bame, S. J., Elphic, R. C. and Russell, C. T.: 1991, ‘Observations of Reconnection of Interplanetary and Lobe Magnetic Field Lines at the High-Latitude Magnetopause’, J. Geophys. Res. 96: 14097–14106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J. T., Thomsen, M. F., Le, G. and Russell, C. T.: 1996, ‘Observations of Magnetic Reconnection at the Lobe Magnetopause’, J. Geophys. Res. 101: 24765–24773.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heikkila, W. J.: 1988, ‘Current-Sheet Crossings in the Distant Magnetotail’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 15: 299–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, M. and Birn, J.: 1991, ‘On Dipolarization and its Relation to the Substorm Current Wedge’, J. Geophys. Res. 96: 19417–19426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse, M., Birn, J., Kuznetsova, M. M. and Dreher, J.: 1996, ‘A Simple Model of Core Field Generation During Plasmoid Evolution’, J. Geophys. Res. 101: 10797–10804.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, T. W.: 1975, ‘Magnetic Merging in a Collisionless Plasma’, J. Geophys. Res. 80: 4689–4699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirahara, M., Terasawa, T., Mukai, T., Hoshino, M., Saito, Y., Machida, S., Yamamoto, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1997, ‘Cold Ion Streams Consisting of Double Proton Populations and Singly Charged Oxygen Observed at the Distant Magnetopause by Geotail: A Case Study’, J. Geophys. Res. 102: 2359–2372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirahara, M., Seki, K. and Mukai, T.: 1998, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S. W. H. Cowley (eds), ‘Cold Dense Ion Flows in the DistantMagnetotail: The Geotail Results’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys. Mono. Vol. 105, pp. 45–60, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hones, E. W., Jr.: 1979, ‘Transient Phenomena in the Magnetotail and their Relation to Substorms’, Space Sci. Rev. 23: 393–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino, M., Nishida, A., Mukai, T., Saito, Y., Yamamoto, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1996a, ‘Structure of Plasma Sheet in Magnetotail: Double-Peaked Electric Current’, J. Geophys. Res. 101: 24775–24786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino, M., Mukai, T., Nishida, A., Saito, Y., Yamamoto, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1996b, ‘Evidence of Two Active Reconnection Sites in the DistantMagnetotail’, J. Geomag. Geoelectr. 48: 515–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino, M.: 1998a, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S.W. H. Cowley (eds), ‘Kinetic Ion Behavior in Magnetic Reconnection Region’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys.Mono., Vol. 105, pp. 153–166, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino, M.: 1998b, in S. Kokubun and Y. Kamide (eds), ‘Magnetic Reconnection Beyond Ion Inertial Scale’, Substorms-4, pp. 473–478, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino, M., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1998, ‘Ion Dynamics in Magnetic Reconnection: Comparison between Numerical Simulation and Geotail Observations’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 4509–4530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, W. J. and Sibeck, D. G.: 1987, ‘On the 3-Dimensional Structure of Plasmoids’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 14: 636–639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ieda, A., Machida, S., Mukai, T., Saito, Y., Yamamoto, T., Nishida, A., Terasawa, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1998, ‘Statistical Analysis of the Plasmoid Evolution with Geotail Observations’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 4453–4465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawano, H., Fujimoto, M., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T., Terasawa, T., Saito, Y., Machida, S., Kokubun, S. and Nishida, A.: 1994, ‘Right-Handed Ion/Ion Resonant Instability in the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer: Geotail Observation in the Distant Tail’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21: 2887–2890.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawano, H., Nishida, A., Fujimoto, M., Mukai, T., Kokubun, S., Yamamoto, T., Terasawa, T., Hirahara, M., Saito, Y., Machida, S., Yumoto, K., Matsumoto, H. and Murata, T.: 1996, ‘A Quasi-Stagnant Plasmoid Observed with Geotail on October 15, 1993’, J. Geomag. Geoelectr. 48: 526–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kan, J. R.: 1993, ‘A Global Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling Model of Substorms’, J. Geophys. Res. 98: 17263–17275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kokubun, S., Frank, L. A., Hayashi, K., Kamide, Y., Lepping, R. P., Mukai, T., Nakamura, R., Paterson, W. R., Yamamoto, T. and Yumoto, K.: 1996, ‘Large Field Events in the Distant Magnetotail During Magnetic Storms’, J. Geomag. Geoelecr. 48: 561–575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le, G., Russell, C. T., Gosling J. T. and Thomsen, M. F.: 1996, ‘ISEE Observations of Low-Latitude Boundary Layer for Northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field: Implications for Cusp Reconnection’, J. Geophys. Res. 101: 27239–27249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lennartsson, W.: 1992, ‘A Scenario for Solar Wind Penetration of Earth's Magnetic Tail Based on Ion Composition Data from the ISEE 1 Spacecraft’, J. Geophys. Res. 97: 19221–19238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, R. H., Petschek, H. E. and Siscoe, G. L.: 1964, ‘Aerodynamic Aspects of the Magnetosphere Flow’, AIAA J. 2: 2065–2076.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lottermoser, R.-F., Scholer, M. and Matthews, A. P.: 1998, ‘Ion Kinetic Effects in Magnetic Reconnection: Hybrid Simulations’, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 4547–4559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lui, A. T. Y.: 1991, ‘A Synthesis of Magnetospheric Substorm Models’, J. Geophys. Res. 96: 1849–1856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lui, A. T. Y., Lopez, R. E., Anderson, B. J., Takahashi, K., Zanetti, L. J., McEntire, R. E., Potemra, T. A., Klumpar, D. M., Greene, E. M. and Strangeway, R.: 1992, ‘Current Disruptions in the Near-Earth Neutral Sheet Region’, J. Geophys. Res. 97: 1461–1480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lui, A. T. Y.: 1996, ‘Current Disruption in the Earth's Magnetosphere: Observations and Models’, J. Geophys. Res. 100: 13067–13088.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lui, A. T. Y., Williams, D. J., McEntire, R. W., Christon, S. P., Eastman, T. E., Yamamoto, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1998, ‘Ion Composition and Charge State of Energetic Particles in Flux Ropes/Plasmoids’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 4467–4475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, L. R.: 1995, ‘A New Theory for Magnetospheric Substorms’, J. Geophys. Res. 100: 19069–19081.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, L. R., Blanchard, G. T., Samson, J. C., Rouhoniemi, J. M., Greewald, R. A., Reeves, D. and Scudder, J. D.: 1998, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S. W. H. Cowley (eds), ‘Near Earth Plasma Sheet Penetration and Geomagnetic Disturbances’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys. Mono., Vol. 105, pp. 241–257, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • McComas, D. J., Russell, C. T., Elphic, R. C. and Bame, S. J.: 1986, ‘The Near-Earth Cross-Tail Current Sheet: Detailed ISEE 1 and 2 Case Studies’, J. Geophys. Res. 91: 4287–4301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macwan, S. E.: 1992, ‘A Determination of Twisting of the Earth's Magnetotail at Distances 115–220 R E: ISEE 3’, J. Geophys. Res. 97: 19239–19249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maezawa, K.: 1976, ‘Magnetic Convection Induced by the Positive and Negative z Components of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field: Quantitative Analysis Using Polar Cap Magnetic Records’, J. Geophys. Res. 81: 2289–2303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maezawa, K. and Hori, T.: 1998, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S.W. H. Cowley (eds), ‘The Distant Magnetotail: Its Structure, IMF Dependence and Thermal Properties’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys. Mono., Vol. 105, pp. 1–19, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maezawa, K., Hori, T., Mukai, T., Saito, Y., Yamamoto, T., Kokubun, S. and Nishida, A.: 1997, ‘Structure of the Distant Magnetotail and its Dependence on the IMF By Component: Geotail Observations’, Adv. Space Res. 20: 949–959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, H., Kojima, H., Omura, Y. and Nagano, I.: 1998, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S. W. H. Cowley (eds), ‘Plasma Waves in Geospace: Geotail Observations’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys. Mono., Vol. 105, pp. 259–319, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherron, R. L., Aubry, M. P., Russell, C. T. and Coleman, P. J. Jr.: 1973a, ‘Satellite Studies of Magnetospheric Substorms on August 15, 1968, 4. Ogo 4 Magnetic Field Observations’, J. Geophys. Res. 78: 3068–3078.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherron, R. L., Russell, C. T. and Aubry, M. P.: 1973b, ‘Satellite Studies of Magnetospheric Substorms on August 15, 1968, 9. Phenomenological Model for Substorms’, J. Geophys. Res. 78: 3131–3149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moldwin, M. B. and Hughes, W. J.: 1992, ‘On the Formation and Evolution of Plasmoids: A Survey of ISEE 3 Geotail Data’, J. Geophys. Res. 97: 19259–19282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mozer, F. S., Hayakawa, H., Kokubun, S., Nakamura, M., Okada, T., Yamamoto, T. and Tsuruda, K.: 1994, ‘The Morning Side Low-Latitude Boundary Layer as Determined from Electric and Magnetic Field Measurements on Geotail’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21: 2983–2986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukai, T., Hirahara, M., Machida, S., Saito, Y., Terasawa, T. and Nishida, A.: 1994, ‘Geotail Observation of Cold Ion Streams in the Medium Distance Magnetotail Lobe in the Course of a Substorm’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21: 1023–1026.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukai, T., Fujimoto, M., Hoshino, M., Kokubun, S., Machida, S., Maezawa, K., Nishida, A., Saito, Y., Terasawa, T. and Yamamoto, T.: 1996, ‘Structure and Kinetic Properties of Plasmoids and Their Boundary Regions’, J. Geomag. Geoelectr. 48: 541–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T. and Machida, S.: 1998a, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S. W. H. Cowley (eds), ‘Dynamic and Kinetic Properties of Plasmoids and Flux Ropes: Geotail Observations’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail; Geophys. Mono., Vol. 105, pp. 117–137, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukai, T., Hoshino, M., Saito, Y., Shinohara, I., Yamamoto, T., Nagai, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1998b, in S. Kokubun and Y. Kamide (eds), ‘Pre-Onset and Onset Signatures for Substorms in the Near-Tail Plasma Sheet: Geotail Observations’, Substorms-4, pp. 131–136, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagai, T., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T., Nishida, A., Kokubun, S. and Lepping, R. P.: 1997, ‘Plasma Sheet Pressure Changes During the Substorm Growth Phase’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24: 963–966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagai, T., Fujimoto, M., Saito, Y., Machida, S., Terasawa, T., Nakamura, R., Yamamoto, T., Mukai, T., Nishida, A. and Kokubun, S.: 1998, ‘Structure and Dynamics of Magnetic Reconnection for Substorm Onsets with Geotail Observations’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 4419–4440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagai, T. and Machida, S.: 1998, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S. W. H. Cowley (eds), ‘Magnetic Reconnection in the Near-Earth Magnetotail’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys. Mono., Vol. 105, pp. 211–224, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagai, T., Singer, H. J., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1999, ‘Development of Substorms in the Near-Earth Tail’, Adv. Space Res., in press.

  • Nakai, H., Kamide, Y. and Russell, C. T.: 1991, ‘Influences of Solar Wind Parameters and Geomagnetic Activity on the Tail Lobe Magnetic Field: A Statistical Study’, J. Geophys. Res. 96: 5511–5523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, M. S. and Fujimoto, M.: 1998, ‘A Three-Dimensional Hybrid Simulation of Magnetic Reconnection’, Geophys. Res. Let. 25: 2917–2920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, R., Kokubun, S., Mukai, T. and Yamamoto, T.: 1997, ‘Changes in the Distant Tail Configuration During Magnetic Storms’, J. Geophys. Res. 102: 9587–9601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, M. S., Fujimoto, M. and Maezawa, K.: 1998, ‘Ion Dynamics and Resultant Velocity Space Distributions in the Course of Magnetotail Reconnection’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 4531–4546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ness, N. F.: 1969, ‘The Geomagnetic Tail’, Rev. Geophys. 7: 97–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, P. T., Xu, D., Meng, C.-I. and Kivelson, M.: 1997, ‘Dynamic Polar Cap: A Unifying Approach’, J. Geophys. Res. 102: 127–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, A.: 1989, ‘Can Random Reconnection on the Magnetopause Produce the Low Latitude Boundary Layer?’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 16: 227–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, A., Hayakawa, H. and Hones, E. W. Jr.: 1981, ‘Observed Signatures of Reconnection in the Magnetotail’, J. Geophys. Res. 86: 1422–1436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, A., Scholer, M., Terasawa, T., Bame, S. J., Gloeckler, G., Smith, E. J. and Zwickl, R. D.: 1986, ‘Quasi-Stagnant Plasmoid in the Middle Tail: A New Preexpansion Phase Phenomenon’, J. Geophys. Res. 91: 4245–4255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, A., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T. and Saito, Y.: 1995, ‘Geotail Observation of Magnetospheric Convection in the Distant Tail at 200 RE in Quiet Times’, J. Geophys. Res. 100: 23663–23675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, A., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T., Saito, Y. and Kokubun, S.: 1996, ‘Magnetotail Convection in Geomagnetically Active Times, 1. Distance to Neutral Lines’, J. Geomag. Geoelectr. 48: 489–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, A., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T., Saito, Y., Kokubun, S. and Lepping, R. P.: 1997, ‘Traversal of the Nightside Magnetosphere at 10 to 15 Re During Northward IMF’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24: 939–942.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, A., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T., Kokubun, S. and Maezawa, K.: 1998, ‘A Unified Model of the Magnetotail Convection in Geomagnetically Quiet and Active Times’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 4409–4418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, A. and Ogino, T.: 1998, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S.W. H. Cowley (eds), ‘Convection and Reconnection in the Earth's Magnetotail’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys. Mono., Vol. 105, pp. 61–75, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogino, T., Walker, R. J. and Ashour-Abdalla, M.: 1992, ‘A GlobalMagnetohydrodynamic Simulation of the Magnetosheath and Magnetosphere when the Interplanetary Magnetic Field is Northward’, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 20(6): 817–828.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohtani, S., Kokubun, S. and Russell, C. T.: 1992, ‘Radial Expansion of the Tail Current Disruption During Substorms: A New Approach to the Substorm Onset Region’, J. Geophys. Res. 97: 3129–3136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohtani, S., Takahashi, K., Higuchi, T., Lui, A. T. Y., Spence, H. E. and Fennell, J. F.: 1998, ‘AMPTE/CCE-SCATHA Simultaneous Observations of Substorm-Associated Magnetic Fluctuations’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 4671–4682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, C. J., Slavin, J. A., Richardson, I. G., Murphy, N. and Hynds, R. J.: 1995, ‘Average Motion, Structure and Orientation of Distant Magnetotail Determined from Remote Sensing of the Edge of the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer with E > 35 keV Ions’, J. Geophys. Res. 100: 185–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, W. R. and Frank, L. A.: 1994, ‘Survey of Plasma Parameters in the Earth's Distant Magnetotail With the Geotail Spacecraft’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21: 2971–2974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrinec, S. M. and Russell, C. T.: 1996, ‘Near-Earth Magnetotail Shape and Size as Determined from the Magnetopause Flaring Angle’, J. Geophys. Res. 101: 137–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrukovich, A. A., Sergeev, V. A., Zelenyi, L. M., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T., Kokubun, S., Shiokawa, K., Deehr, C. S., Budnick, E. Y., Büchner, J., Fedorov, A. O., Grigorieva, V. P., Hughes, T. J., Pissarenko, N. F., Romanov, S. A. and Sandahl, I.: 1998, ‘Two Spacecraft Observations of a Reconnection Pulse During an Auroral Breakup’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 47–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petschek, H. E.: 1964, in W. N. Hess (ed.), ‘Magnetic Field Annihilation’, Proc. AAS-NASA Symp. Phys. Solar Flares, NASA SP-50, pp. 425–439.

  • Pulkkinen, T. I., Baker, D. N., Cogger, L. L., Mukai, T. and Singer, H. J.: 1998a, in S. Kokubun and Y. Kamide (eds), ‘Coupling of Inner Tail and Midtail Processes’, Substorms-4, pp. 749–754, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulkkinen, T. I., Baker, D. N., Frank, L. A., Sigwarth, J. B., Opgenoorth, H. J., Greenwald, R., Friis-Christensen, E., Mukai, T., Nakamura, R., Singer, H., Reeves, G. D. and Lester, M.: 1998b, ‘Two Substorm Intensifications Compared: Onset, Expansion, and Global Consequences’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 15–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiff, P. H. and Burch, J. L.: 1985, ‘IMF By-Dependent Plasma Flow and Birekeland Currents in the Dayside Magnetosphere, 2. A Global Model for Northward and Southward IMF’, J. Geophys. Res. 90: 1595–1609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, I. G. and Cowley, S. W. H.: 1985, ‘Plasmoid-Associated Ion Bursts in the Deep Geomagnetic Tail: Properties of the Boundary Layer’, J. Geophys. Res. 90: 12133–12158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, I. G., Cowley, S. W. H., Hones, E. W. Jr. and Bame, S. J.: 1987, ‘Plasmoid-Associated Energetic Ion Bursts in the Deep Geomagnetic Tail: Properties of Plasmoids and the Postplasmoid Plasma Sheet’, J. Geophys. Res. 92: 9997–10013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, I. G., Owen, C. J. and Slavin, J. A.: 1996, ‘Energetic (>0.2 MeV) Electron Bursts in the Deep Geomagnetic Tail Observed by ISEE 3: Association with Substorms and Magnetic Structures’, J. Geomag. Geoelectr. 48: 657–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito, Y., Mukai, T., Terasawa, T., Nishida, A., Machida, S., Hirahara, M., Maezawa, K., Kokubun, S. and Yamamoto, T.: 1995, ‘Slow-Mode Shocks in the Magnetotail’, J. Geophys. Res. 100: 23567–23581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito, Y., Mukai, T., Terasawa, T., Nishida, A., Machida, S., Kokubun, S. and Yamamoto, T.: 1996, ‘Foreshock Structure of the Slow-Mode Shocks in the Earth's Magnetotail’, J. Geophys. Res. 101: 13267–13274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanny, J., McPherron, R. L., Russell, C. T., Baker, D. N., Pulkkinen, T. I. and Nishida, A.: 1994, ‘Growth Phase Thinning of the Near-Earth Current Sheet During the CDAW-6 Substorm’, J. Geophys. Res. 99: 5805–5816.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarafopoulos, D. V., Sarris, E. T., Angelopoulos, V., Yamamoto, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1997, ‘Spatial Structure of the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer at Distances Greater than 180 RE as Derived from Energetic Particle Measurements on Geotail’, Ann. Geophysicae 15: 1246–1256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauvaud, J.-A., Jacquey, C., Beutier, T., Owen, C., Lepping, R. P., Russell, C. T. and Belian, R. J.: 1996, ‘Large Scale Dynamics of theMagnetospheric Tail Induced by Substorms: AMultisatellite Study’, J. Geomag. Geoelectr. 48: 675–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauvaud, J.-A., Koperski, P., Beutier, T., Barthe, H., Aoustin, C., Thocaven, J. J., Rouzaud, J., Penou, E., Vaisberg, O. and Borodkova, N.: 1997, ‘The INTERBALL-TAIL Electron Experiment: Initial Results on the Low-Latitude Boundary Layer of the Dawn Magnetosphere’, Ann. Geophysicae 15: 587–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schriver, D., Ashour-Abdalla, M. and Richard, R. L.: 1998, ‘On the Origin of the Ion-Electron Temperature Difference in the Plasma Sheet’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 14879–14895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sckopke, N., Paschmann, G., Haerendel, G., Sonnerup, B. U. Ö., Bame, S. J., Forbes, T. G., Hones, E. W. Jr. and Russell, C. T.: 1981, ‘Structure of the Low-Latitude Boundary Layer’, J. Geophys. Res. 86: 2099–2110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seki, K., Hirahara, M., Terasawa, T., Mukai, T., Saito, Y., Machida, S., Yamamoto, T. and Kokubun, S.: 1998, ‘Statistical Properties and Possible Supply Mechanisms of Tailward Cold OC Beams in the Lobe/Mantle Regions’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 4477–4489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seki, K., Elphic, R. C., Thomsen, M. F., Bonnell, J., Lund, E. J., Hirahara, M., Terasawa, T. and Mukai, T.: 1999, ‘Cold flowing OC beams in the lobe/mantle at GEOTAIL: Does FAST observe the source?’, J. Geophys. Res. 105, in press.

  • Seon, J., Frank, L. A., Paterson, W. R., Scudder, J. D., Coroniti, F. V., Kokubun, S. and Yamamoto, T.: 1996, ‘Observations of Slow-Mode Shocks in the Earth's Distant Magnetotail with Geotail Spacecraft’, J. Geophys. Res. 101: 27383–27398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sergeev, V. A., Mitchell, D. G., Russell, C. T. and Williams, D. J.: 1993, ‘Structure of the Tail Plasma/Current Sheet at 11 Re and its Changes in the Course of a Substorm’, J. Geophys. Res. 98: 17345–17365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sergeev, V. A., Angelopoulos, V., Mitchell, D. G. and Russell, C. T.: 1995, ‘In Situ Observations of Magnetotail Reconnection Prior to the Onset of a Small Substorm’, J. Geophys. Res. 100: 19121–19133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiokawa, K., Baumjohann, W. and Haerendel, G.: 1997, ‘Braking of High-Speed Flows in the Near-Earth Tail’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24: 1179–1182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiokawa, K., Baumjohann, W., Haerendel, G., Paschmann, G., Fennel, J. F., Friis-Christensen, E., Lühr, H., Reeves, G. D., Russell, C. T., Sutcliffe, P. R. and Takahashi, K.: 1998, ‘High-Speed Ion Flow, Substorm Current Wedge, and Multiple Pi 2 Pulsations’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 4491–4507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinohara, I., Nagai, T., Fujimoto, M., Terasawa, T., Mukai, T., Tsuruda, K. and Yamamoto, T.: 1998, ‘Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Turbulence Observed Near the Substorm Onset Site’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 20365–20388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shodhan, S., Siscoe, G. L., Frank, L. A., Ackerson, K. L., Paterson, W. R., Fairfield, D., Kokubun, S. and Yamamoto, T.: 1996, ‘Mantle Crossing at Geotail: Comparison with MHD Model’, J. Geophys. Res. 101: 153–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirai, H., Maezawa, K., Fujimoto, M., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T., Saito, Y., Kokubun, S. and Kaya, N.: 1997, ‘Drop-Off of the Polar Rain Flux Near the Plasma Sheet Boundary’, J. Geophys. Res. 102: 2271–2278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirai, H., Maezawa, K., Fujimoto, M., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T., Saito, Y. and Kokubun, S.: 1998, ‘Entry Processes of Low-Energy Electrons into the Magnetosphere Along Open Field Lines: Polar Rain Electrons as Field Line Tracers’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 4379–4390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibeck, D. G., Siscoe, G. L., Slavin, J. A., Smith, E. J., Tsurutani, B. T. and Lepping, R. P.: 1985, ‘The Distant Magnetotail's Response to a Strong Interplanetary Magnetic Field B y: Twisting, Flattening, and Field Lines Bending’, J. Geophys. Res. 90: 4011–4019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siscoe, G. L. and Sanchez, E.: 1987, ‘An MHD Model for the Complete Open Magnetotail Boundary’, J. Geophys. Res. 92: 7405–7412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slavin, J. A., Smith, E. J., Sibeck, D. G., Baker, D. N., Zwickl, R. D. and Akasofu, S.-I.: 1985, ‘An ISEE-3 Study of Average and Substorm Conditions in the Distant Magnetotail’, J. Geophys. Res. 90: 10875–10895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slavin, J. A.: 1998, in A. Nishida, D. N. Baker and S. W. H. Cowley (eds), ‘Traveling Compression Regions’, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, Geophys. Mono., Vol. 105, pp. 225–240, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slavin, J. A., Fairfield, D. H., Kuznetsova, M.M., Owen, C. J., Lepping, R. P., Taguchi, S., Mukai, T., Saito, Y., Yamamoto, T., Kokubun, S., Lui, A. T. Y. and Reeves, G. D.: 1998, ‘ISTP Observations of Plasmoid Ejection: IMP 8 and Geotail’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 119–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smets, R., Delcourt, D. and Fontaine, D.: 1998, ‘Ion and Electron Distribution Functions in the Distant Magnetotail: Modeling of Geotail Observations’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 20407–20417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speiser, T. W.: 1965, ‘Particle Trajectories in Model Current Cheet, 1. Analytical Motion’, J. Geophys. Res. 70: 4219–4226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taktakishvili, A. L., Zelenyi, L. M., Lutsenko, V. N. and Kudela, K.: 1998, ‘On the Spectra of Energetic Particles in the Earth's Magnetotail’, Cosmic Res. 36: 265–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, T.: 1999, ‘Configuration of the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Convection System Under Northward IMF Conditions with Non-Zero IMF By’, J. Geophys. Res. 104: 14683–14690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, K. and Hones, E. W. Jr.: 1988, ‘ISEE 1 and 2 Observations of Ion Distributions at the Plasma Sheet-Tail Lobe Boundary’, J. Geophys. Res. 93: 8558–8582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terasawa, T., Fujimoto, M., Mukai, T., Shinohara, I., Saito, Y., Yamamoto, T., Machida, S., Kokubun, S., Lazarus, A. J., Steinberg, J. T. and Lepping, R. P.: 1997, ‘Solar Wind Control of Density and Temperature in the Near-Earth Plasma Sheet: WIND-Geotail Collaboration’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24: 935–938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traver, D. P., Mitchell, G., Williams, D. J., Frank, L. A. and Huang, C. Y.: 1991, ‘Two Encounters with the Flank Low-Latitude Boundary Layer: Further Evidence for Closed Topology and Investigation of the Internal Structure’, J. Geophys. Res. 96: 21025–21035.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treumann, R. A., LaBelle, J., Bauer, Nd T. M.: 1995, in P. Song, B. U. Ö. Sonnerup and M. F. Thomsen (eds), ‘Diffusion Processes: An Observational Perspective’, Physics of the Magnetopause, Geophys. Mono., Vol. 90, pp. 331–341, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsurutani, B. T., Richardson, I. G., Thorne, R. M., Butler, W., Smith, E. J., Cowley, S. W. H., Gary, S. P., Akasofu, S.-I. and Zwickl, R. D.: 1985, ‘Observations of the Right-Hand Resonant Ion Beam Instability in the Distant Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer’, J. Geophys. Res. 90: 12159–12172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whang, Y. C., Fairfield, D., Smith, E. J., Lepping, R. P., Kokubun, S. and Saito, Y.: 1999, ‘Observations of Double Discontinuity in the Magnetotail’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24: 3153–3156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiechen, H., Büchner, J. and Otto, A.: 1986, ‘Reconnection in the Near-Earth Plasma Sheet: A Three Dimensional Model’, J. Geophys. Res. 101: 24911–24918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J.: 1981, ‘Energetic Ion Beams at the Edge of the Plasma Sheet: ISEE 1 Observations Plus a Simple Explanatory Model’, J. Geophys. Res. 86: 5507–5518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J., Mitchell, D. G., Eastman, T. E. and Frank, L. A.: 1985, ‘Energetic Particle Observations in the Low-Latitude Boundary Layer’, J. Geophys. Res. 90: 5097–5116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winglee, R. M., Kokubun, S., Lin, R. P. and Lepping, R. P.: 1998, ‘Flux Rope Structure in the Magnetotail: Comparison Between Wind/Geotail Observations and Global Simulations’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 135–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, T., Shiokawa, K. and Kokubun, S.: 1994, ‘Magnetic Field Structures of the Magnetotail as Observed by Geotail’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21: 2875–2878.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasyliunas, V. M.: 1998, in S. Kokubun and Y. Kamide (eds), ‘Theoretical Considerations on where a Substorm Begins’, Substorms-4, pp. 9–14, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zong, Q.-G., Wilken, B., Woch, J., Mukai, T., Yamamoto, T., Reeves, G. D., Doke, T., Maezawa, K., Williams, D. J., Kokubun, S. and Ulland, S.: 1998, ‘Energetic Oxygen Ions Bursts in the Distant Magnetotail as a Product of Intense Substorms: Three Case Studies’, J. Geophys. Res. 103: 20339–20363.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, 229-8510, Japan

    A. Nishida

Authors
  1. A. Nishida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nishida, A. The Earth's Dynamic Magnetotail. Space Science Reviews 91, 507–577 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005223124330

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005223124330

Keywords

Search

Navigation