Abstract
To assess the impact of acid deposition on the long-term sustainability of nine oak, pine and spruce stands on sandy to loamy sandy parent material in Sweden, Denmark and The Netherlands, a dynamic soil acidification model (ReSAM) was applied. Two deposition scenarios for the period 1990–2090 were used: a business as usual scenario (BAU) and a restrictive critical load scenario (CL). The BAU scenario leads to a strong decrease in both Al concentrations and pH in the topsoil of the Dutch and the Danish sites due to a decrease in the amount of amorphous Al compounds. The decline in pH leads to an enhanced release of base cations by silicate weathering. Despite the ongoing acidification, base saturation increases during the simulation period, due to both the increase in base cation weathering and an increased input from mineralization with the ageing of the tree stands. No change in Al concentration is predicted for northern Sweden as deposition levels are below critical loads. Soil chemistry at the recently replanted Swedish sites is dominated by changes in N cycling instead of by deposition. The CL scenario leads, especially after 2010, to a stronger decline in Al concentration compared with the BAU scenario, which is mainly caused by a reduction of the acid input. Up to 2010, a considerable acid input to the soil system is maintained as N supply is larger than the consumption of N by the trees. Despite the reduction of the deposition of S and N to critical loads, the readily available cation pools are still declining on the Danish and Dutch sites in 2090. It is concluded that deposition levels above critical loads lead to exhaustion of the pool of amorphous Al compounds and a decline in pH. Base saturation does not decline due to an increase in mineralization with stand age and an increase in weathering rate due to the decline in pH.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Belmans, C., Wesseling, J. G. and Feddes, R. A.: 1983, J. Hydrol. 63, 271.
De Vries, W.: 1991, Methodologies for the Assessment and Mapping of Critical Loads and the Impact of Abatement Strategies on Forest Soils, DLO Staring Centrum, report 46, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
De Vries, W.: 1994, 'Soil Response to Acid Deposition at Different Regional Scales. Field and Laboratory Data, Critical Loads and Model Predictions', PhD Thesis, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
De Vries, W., Kros, J. and Van der Salm, C.: 1994, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 75, 1.
De Vries, W., Hol, A., Tjalma, S. and Voogd, J. C. H.: 1990, Literatuurstudie naar voorraden en verblijftijden van elementen in bosecosystemen, DLO Staring Centrum, Rapport 94,Wageningen.
De Vries, W., Van Grinsven, J. J. M., Van Breemen, N., Leeters, E. E. J. M. and Jansen, P. C.: 1995b, Geodema 67, 17.
Dolmans, A. J. and Moors, E. J.: 1994, Hydrologie en Waterhuishouding van Bosgebieden in Nederland. Fase 1: Toetsing Modelinstrumentarium, The Winand Staring Centre, Rapport 333, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Draaijers, G. P. J. and Erisman, J. W.: 1995b, Atmospheric Environment 27, 43.
Ekö, P. M.: 1985, A Growth Simulator for Swedish Forests, Based on Data from the National Forest Survey, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Silviculture, Report 16. Umeå.
FAO: 1988, Soil map of the World, Revised Legend, World soil resources report 60, FAO, Rome, 138 pp. Ferrier, R. C., Wright, R. F., Cosby, B. J. and Jenkins, A.: 1995, Ecol. Modelling 83, 77.
Groenenberg, J. E., Kros, J., Van der Salm, C. and De Vries, W.: 1995, Ecol. Modelling 83, 97.
Hendriks, C. M. A., De Vries, W. and Van den Burg, J.: 1994, Effects of Acid deposition on 150 Forest stands in The Netherlands. 2. Relationship Between Forest Vitality and the Chemical Composition of the Foliage, Humus Layer and the Soil Solution, The Winand Staring Centre, Report 69.2, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Kros, J., Groenenberg, J. E., De Vries, W. and Van der Salm, C.: 1995, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 79, 353.
Makkink, G. F.: 1957, J. Inst. Water Eng. 11, 277.
Marklund, L. G.: 1988, Biomass Functions for Pine, Spruce and Birch in Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Silviculture, Report 45. Umeå.
Olsson, M. and Melkerud, P. A.: 1991, 'Determination of Weathering Rates Based on Geochemical Properties of the Soil', in E. Pulkinen (ed.), Environmental Geochemistry in Northern Europe. Proceedings of the First Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry in Northern Europe, held in Rovaniemi Finland, 17–19 October 1989, Geol. Surv. of Finland, Special paper 9, pp. 69–78.
Olsson, M., Melkerud, P. A. and Rosén, K.: 1993, Applied Geochemistry, supplementary issue 2, 189.
Pačces, T.: 1983, Geochim. Cosmochim, Acta 47, 1855.
Schnoor, J. L.: 1990, 'Kinetics of Chemical Weathering: A Comparison of Laboratory and Field Weathering Rates', in W. Stumm (ed.), Aquatic Chemical Kinetics, Wiley, New York, 545 pp.
Sverdrup, H. and De Vries, W.: 1994, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 72, 143.
Sverdrup, H., Warfvinge, P., Blake, L. and Golding, K.: 1995, Agr. Ecosys. Environ. 53, 161.
Tiktak, A., Van Grinsven, J. J. M., Groenenberg, J. E., Van Heerden, C., Janssen, P. H. M., Kros, J., Mohren, G. M. J., Van der Salm, C., Van der Veen, J. R. and De Vries W.: 1995, Application of Three Forest-Soil-Atmosphere Models to the Speuld Experimental Forest, RIVM Report 733001003. Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Van der Salm, C., Kros, J., Groenenberg, J. E., De Vries, W. and Reinds, G. J.: 1995, in Trudgill, S. T. (ed.), Solute Modelling in Catchment Systems, John Wiley, Chichester, England, pp. 327–346.
Van Genuchten, M. Th.: 1981, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44, 892.
Van Grinsven, J. J. M., Van Breemen, N. and Mulder, J.: 1987, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51, 162.
Van Jaarsveld, J. A. and Onderdelinden, D.: 1993, TREND: An Analytical Long-Term Deposition Model for Multi-Scale Purposes, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Report no. 228603009, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Waenink, A. W. and Van Lynden, K. R.: 1988, Nederlands Bosbouwtijdschrift 60, 12.
Wösten, J. H. M., Bannink, M. H. and Beuving, J.: 1987, Water Retention and Hydraulic Conductivity Characteristics of Top-and Subsoils in The Netherlands: The Staring Series, Report 1932, Soil Survey Inst., Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
van der Salm, C., de Vries, W., Olsson, M. et al. Modelling Impacts of Atmospheric Deposition, Nutrient Cycling and Soil Weathering on the Sustainability of Nine Forest Ecosystems. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 109, 101–135 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005004227821
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005004227821