Abstract
Ground running invertebrates were sampled by pitfall trapping in woodlands with high and low aerial pollution by heavy metals. Principal component analysis calculated for the environmental variables showed degree of metal contamination to be the most important difference between the sites. Calculation of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for different groups of animals e.g. Diplopoda, Opiliones, Aranaea and Carabidae was carried out and produced plots which can be interpreted with respect to the pollution effect. The effect of different environmental factors on individual species or subgroups delimited by size, breeding season, diet etc. was determined. Species associating with or disassociating from high pollution levels can be identified. No clear patterns were shown when examining size or breeding season in Carabids in relation to pollution. The highly polluted woods near the main pollution source at Avonmouth are lacking in lycosid spiders, the vacant niche may be filled by a large species of ground running agelenid which may be more adaptable in habits than the lycosids. CCA plots of both Aranaea and all species pooled together show a triangular shape. This is interpreted as representing a small number of species able to adapt to high pollution levels and a larger potential number found at ’clean' sites.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alstad, D. N., Edmonds, G. F. and Weinstein, L. H.: 1982, Annual Review of Entomology 27, 236.
Beckett, C. L.: 1986, Heavy Metals in Severn Estuary Ecosystems, PhD Thesis, University of Bristol.
Bengtsson, G. and Rundgren, S.: 1984, Ambio 13(1), 29.
Bengtsson, G. and Tranvik, L.: 1989, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 47, 381.
Blower, J. G.: 1969, Syst. Ass. Pub. 8, 209.
Blower, J. G.: 1985, Millipedes, Synopses of the British fauna (New series). 35, Brill/Blackhuys.
Coughtrey, P. J.: 1978, Cadmium in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Case study at Avonmouth, Bristol, England, PhD Thesis, University of Bristol.
Coughtrey, P. J. and Martin, M. H.: 1977a, New Phytology 79, 273.
Coughtrey, P. J. and Martin, M. H.: 1977b, Oecologia(Berlin) 27, 65.
Coughtrey, P. J., Jones, P. J., Martin, M. H. and Shales, S. W.: 1979, Oecologia(Berlin) 39, 51.
Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L.: 1990, Acta Zool. Fennica 190, 103.
Digby, P. G. N. and Kempton, R. A.: 1987, Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Communities, Chapman and Hall, London.
Edgar, W. D.: 1969, J. Zool. Lond. 159, 405.
Greenslade, P. and Greenslade, P. J.: 1971, J. Aust. Ent. Soc. 10, 253.
Heijerman, T. and Turin, H.: 1989, Tijd. Ent. 132, 241.
Hendry, G. (ed.): 1980, Wetmoor Nature Reserve, Gloucestershire trust for nature conservation. Standish, Gloucestershire.
Hill, M. O.: 1991, J. Biogeog. 18, 247.
Hillyard, P. D. and Sankey, J. H. P.: 1989, in Kermack, D.M. and Barnes, R. S. K. (eds.), Harvestmen, Keys and Notes for the Identification of the Species. Synopses of the British Fauna (new series) No. 4, 2nd ed., E. J. Brill, London.
Hopkin, S. P.: 1989, Ecophysiology of Metals in Terrestrial Invertebrates, Elsevier Applied Science. London and New York.
Hopkin, S. P., Hardistry, G. N. and Martin, M. H.: 1986, Environmental Pollution(B) 11, 271.
Hopkin, S. P. and Martin, M. H.: 1984, Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 53, 143.
Hopkin, S. P., Watson, K., Martin, M. H. and Mould, M. L.: 1985, Bijd. Dierk. 55(1), 88.
Hunter, B. A., Johnson, M. S. and Thompson, D. J.: 1987, J. Appl. Ecol. 24, 587.
Jones, D.: 1983, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe., Country life books, Middlesex.
Joosse, E. N. G.: 1965, Zeit. Morphol. Ökol. Tiere, Berl. 55, 587.
Kloet, G. S. and Hincks, W. D.: 1977, Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. II A Check List of British Insects. Pt 3 Coleoptera and Strepsiptera. 2nd ed., revised by R. D. Pope. Royal Entomological Society, London.
Köhler, H. R., Storch, V. and Alberti, G.: 1992, Oecologia 90, 113.
Lepp, N. W.: 1981a, Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution on Plants, Vol. I. Effects of Trace Metals on Plant Function, Applied Science Publishers, London.
Lepp, N. W.: 1981b, Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Plants. Vol. II. Metal in the Environment, Applied Science Publishers, London.
Lesniak, A.: 1980, in Spaleny, J. (ed.) Proceedings of the IIIrd Internationale Conference Bioindicators Deteriorisationis Regionis, Praha, pp. 219-221.
Little, P.: 1973, Environ. Pollut. 5, 159.
Little, P.: 1974, Airbourne Zinc, Lead and Cadmium Pollution and its Effects on Soils and Vegetation, Unpublished PhD. University of Bristol.
Luczak, J.: 1984, Pol. Ecol. Stud. 10(1-2), 157.
Ludwig, M.: 1990, Zool. Beitr. N. F. 33(2), 295.
Magurran, A. E.: 1988, Ecological Diversity and its Measurement.Chapman and Hall.
Martin, M. H. and Bullock, R.: 1994, in S. M. Ross (ed.) Toxic Metals in Soil-Plant Systems, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp. 327-365.
Martin, M. H. and Coughtrey, P. J.: 1987, in 'Pollutant Transport and Fate in Ecosystems', Special Publication of the British Ecological Society, 6, 319-336.
Martin, M. H., Coughtrey, P. J. and Young, E. W.: 1976, Chemosphere 5, 313.
Martin, M. H., Duncan, E. M. and Coughtrey, P. J.: 1982, Environmental Pollution (B) 3, 147.
Nriagu, J. O.: 1978, The Biogeochemistry of Lead in the Environment, Part A, Ecological Cycles. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Pielou, E. C.: 1975, Ecological Diversity, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Read, H. J.: 1987, The Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution on Woodland Leaf Litter Faunal Communities, PhD Thesis, University of Bristol.
Read, H. J., Wheater, C. P. and Martin, M. H.: 1987, Environ. Pollut. 48, 61.
Roberts, M. J.: 1987, The Spiders of Britain and Ireland, Vol. 2. Harley Books, Colchester.
Roberts, R. D. and Johnson, M. S.: 1978, Environ. Pollut. 16, 293.
Santas, Ph.: 1986, Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol, Paris 23, 367.
Spaull, V. W.: 1979, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. Lond. (B) 286, 109.
Spurgeon, D. J., Sandifer, R. D. and Hopkin, S. P.: 1996, in N. M. Van Straalen and D. A. Krivolutsky (eds.), Bioindicator Systems for Soil Pollution, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp. 95-110.
Ter Braak, C. J.: 1986, Ecology 67, 1167.
Ter Braak, C. J.: 1987, CANOCO, Institute of Applied Computer Science, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Todd, V.: 1949, J. Anim. Ecol. 18, 209.
Uetz, G. N.: 1977, J. Anim. Ecol. 46, 531.
van Hook, R. I. and Yates, A. J.: 1975, Environ. Res. 9, 76.
Van Straalen, N. M.: in C. E. Pankhurst, B. M. Doube and V. V. S. R. Gupta (eds.), Bioindicators of Soil Health, CAB International, Wallingford, (in press).
Van Straalen, N. M. and Van Wensem, J.: 1986, Environ. Pollut. (Series A) 42, 209.
Williams, G.: 1962, J. Anim. Ecol. 31, 23.
Williamson, P. and Evans, P. R.: 1972, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8, 280.
Williamson, P. and Evans, P. R.: 1973, Paedobiol. 13, 16.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Read, H.J., Martin, M.H. & Rayner, J.M.V. Invertebrates in Woodlands Polluted by Heavy Metals – – An Evaluation Using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 106, 17–42 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004917829355
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004917829355