References
Addison, R. F. & K. R. Clarke, 1990. The IOC/GEEP Bermuda Workshop. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 138: 1–8.
Austin, M. P., 1976. On non-linear species response models in ordination. Vegetatio 33: 33–41.
Barbour, M. T. & J. Gerritsen, 1996. Subsampling of benthic samples: a defense of the fixed-count method. J. n. am. Benthol. Soc. 15: 386–391.
Barbour, M. T., J. L. Plafkin, B. P. Bradley, C. G. Graves & R. W. Wisseman, 1992. Evaluation of EPA's rapid bioassessment benthic metrics: metric redundancy and variability among reference stream sites. Envir. Toxicol. Chem. 11: 437–449.
Barbour, M. T., J. Gerritsen, G. E. Griffith, R. Frydenborg, E. Mc-Carron & J. W. White, 1996. A framework for biological criteria for Florida streams using benthic macroinvertebates. J. n. am. Benthol. Soc. 15: 185–211.
Barbour, M. T., J. Gerritsen, B. D. Snyder & J. B. Stribling, 1999. Revision to Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic, Macroinvertebrates and Fish. 2nd Edn. EPA 841-B-99-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Water. Washington, D.C.
Bayne, B. L., K. R. Clarke & J. S. Gray, 1988. Background and rationale to a practical workshop on biological effects of pollutants. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 46: 1–5.
Boulton, A. J., 1999. An overview of river health assessment: philosophies, practice, problems and prognosis. Freshwat. Biol. 41: 469–479.
Cao, Y. & D. D. Williams, 1999. Rare species are important in bioassessment (Reply to the comments of Marchant). Limnol. Oceanog. 44: 1841–1842.
Cao, Y., D. D. Williams & N. E. Williams, 1998. How important are rare species in aquatic community ecology and bioassessment? Limnol. Oceanog. 43: 1403–1409.
Cairns, J. & P. V. McCormick, 1992. Developing an ecosystembased capability for ecological risk assessments. Envir. Prof. 14: 186–196.
Chessman, B. C., 1995. Rapid assessment of rivers using macroinvertebrates: a procedure based on habitat-specific sampling, family-level identification and a biotic index. Aust. J. Ecol. 20: 122–129.
Chutter, F. M. & R. G. Noble, 1966. The reliability of a method of sampling stream invertebrates. Arch. Hydrobiol. 62: 95–103.
Clarke, R. T., M. T. Furse, J. F. Wright & D. Moss, 1996. Derivation of a biological quality index for river sites: comparison of the observed with the expected fauna. J. appl. Stat. 23: 311–332.
Cook, S. E. K., 1976. Quest for an index of community structure sensitive to water pollution. Envir. Pollut. 11: 269–288.
Courtemanch, D. L., 1994. Bridging the old and new science of biological monitoring. J. n. am. Benthol. Soc. 13: 117–121.
Courtemanch, D. L., 1996. Commentary on the sub-sampling procedure used for rapid bioassessments. J. n. am. Benthol. Soc. 15: 381–385.
Coysh, J. L., S. J. Nichols, J. C., R. H. Norris, L. A. Barmuta, B. C. Chessman & P. Blackman, 2000. Web page for the AUStralian RIVer Assessment System (AUSRIVAS), http://ausrivas.canberra.edu.au/ausrivas
Downing, J. A., 1979. Aggregation, transformation, and the design of benthos sampling programs. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 36: 1454–1463.
Eberhardt, L. L., 1963. Problems in ecological sampling. Northw. Sci. 37: 144–154.
Eberhardt, L. L., 1976. Quantitative ecology and impact assessment. J. Envir. Mgmt 4: 213–217.
Fairweather, P. G., 1999. State of environment indicators of 'river health': exploring the metaphor. Freshwat. Biol. 41: 211–220.
Fairweather, P. & G. Napier, 1998. Environmental Indicators for National State of the Environment Reporting-Inland Waters, Australia: State of the Environment. Environmental Indicator Reports, Department of the Environment, Canberra.
Faith, D. P. & R. H. Norris, 1989. Correlation of environmental variables with patterns of distribution and abundance of common and rare freshwater macroinvertebrates. Biol. Conserv. 50: 452–467.
Fore, L. S., J. R. Karr & L. L. Conquest, 1994. Statistical properties of an index of biological integrity used to evaluate water resources. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 51: 1077–1087.
Frey, D. G., 1977. Biological integrity of water-an historical approach. In Ballantine, R. K. & L. J. Guarraia (eds), The Integrity of Water. Proceedings of a Symposium, March 10-12, 1975. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.: 127–140.
Gibson, J. R., M. T. Barbour, J. B. Stribling, J. Gerritsen & J. R. Karr, 1996. Biological Criteria-Technical Guidance for Streams and Rivers, Revised Edition. U.S. E.P.A., Office of Water, EPA 822-B-96-001, Washington, D.C.
Goodman, D., 1975. The theory of diversity-stability relationships in ecology. Quart. Rev. Biol. 50: 237–266.
Green, R. H., 1979. Sampling Design and Statistical Methods for Environmental Biologists. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Hawkins, C. P., R. H. Norris, J. N. Hogue & J. W. Feminella, 2000. Development and evaluation of predictive models for measuring the biological integrity of streams. Ecol. Applic. 10, in press.
Hill, B. H., A. T. Herlihy, P. R. Kaufmann, R. J. Stevenson, F. H. McCormick & C. B. Johnson, 2000. Use of periphyton assemblage data as an index of biotic integrity. J. n. am. Benthol. Soc. 19: 50–57.
Hughes, R. M., 1995. Defining acceptable biological status by comparing with reference conditions. In Davis, W. S. & T. P. Simon (eds), Biological Assessment and Criteria. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton: 31–47.
Hughes, R. M. & D. P. Larsen, 1988. Ecoregions: an approach to surface water protection. Res. J.Wat. Pollut. Cont. Fed. 60: 486–493.
Hughes, R. M., D. P. Larsen & J. M. Omernik, 1986. Regional reference sites: a method for assessing stream potential. Envir. Mgmt. 10: 629–635.
Hurlbert, S. H., 1971. The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology 52: 577–586.
Hurlbert, S. H., 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54: 187–211.
Karr, J. R., 1981. Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries 6: 21–27.
Karr, J. R., 1991. Biological integrity: a long-neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecol. Appl. 1: 66–84.
Karr, J. R., 1999. Defining and measuring river health. Freshwat. Biol. 41: 221–234.
Karr, J. R. & E. W. Chu, 1999. Restoring Life in Running Waters. Better Biological Monitoring. Island Press, Washington, D.C.: 206 pp.
Karr, J. R. & E. W. Chu, 2000. Sustaining living rivers. Hydrobiologia 422/423 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 149): 1–14.
Karr, J. R. & D. R. Dudley, 1981. Ecological perspective on water quality goals. Envir. Mgmt. 5: 55–68.
Kerans, B. L. & J. R. Karr, 1994. A benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) for rivers of the Tennessee Valley. Ecol. Appl. 4: 768–785.
Kerans, B. L., J. R. Karr & S. A. Ahlstedt, 1992. Aquatic invertebrate assemblages: spatial and temporal differences among sampling protocols. J. n. am. Benthol. Soc. 11: 377–390.
Kondolf, G. M., 1995. Evaluating stream restoration projects. Envir. Mgmt. 19: 1–15.
Marchant, R., 1999. How important are rare species in aquatic community ecology and bioassessment? A comment on the conclusions of Cao et al. Limnol. Oceanog. 44: 1840–1841.
Marchant, R., A. Hirst, R. Norris & L. Metzeling, 1999. Classification of macroinvertebrate communities across drainage basins in 17 Victoria, Australia: consequences of sampling on a broad spatial scale for predictive modelling. Freshwat. Biol. 41: 253–268.
Minchin, P. R., 1987. Simulation of multidimensional community patterns: towards a comprehensive model. Vegetatio 71: 145–156.
Moss, D., M. T. Furse, J. F. Wright & P. D. Armitage, 1987. The prediction of the macro-invertebrate fauna of unpolluted running-water sites in Great Britain using environmental data. Freshwat. Biol. 17: 41–52.
Munn, R. E., 1988. The design of integrated monitoring systems to provide early indicators of environmental/ecological changes. Envir. Monit. Assess. 11: 203–217.
Needham, P. R. & R. L. Usinger, 1956. Variability in the macrofauna of a single riffle in Prosser Creek, California, as indicated by the Surber sampler. Hilgardia 24: 383–409.
Norris, R. H., 1995. Biological monitoring: the dilemma of data analysis. J. n. am. Benthol. Soc. 14: 440–450.
Norris, R. H. & A. Georges, 1993. Analysis and interpretation of benthic macroinvertebrate surveys. In Rosenberg, D. M. & V. H. Resh (eds), Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Chapman and Hall, New York: 234–286.
Norris, R. H. & M. C. Thoms, 1999. What is river health? Freshwat. Biol. 41: 1–13.
Norris, R. H., P. McElravy & V. H. Resh, 1992. The sampling problem. In Calow, P. & G. E. Petts (eds), Rivers Handbook: Volume 1. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, England: 282–306.
Norris, R. H., B. T. Hart, M. Finlayson & K. R. Norris (guest eds), 1995. Use of Biota to Assess Water Quality. An International Conference. Aust. J. Ecol. 20: 227 pp.
Noss, R. F., 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conserv. Biol. 4: 355–364.
Omernik, J. M., 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 77: 118–125.
Omernik, J. M., 1995. Ecoregions: a spatial framework for environmental management. In Davis, W. S. & T. P. Simon (eds), Biological Assessment and Criteria. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida: 49–62.
Parsons, M. P. & R. H. Norris, 1996. The effect of habitat-specific sampling on biological assessment of water quality using a predictive model. Freshwat. Biol. 36: 419–434.
Pelley, J., 2000. Restoring our rivers. Envir. Sci. Technol. February 1: 87A–90A.
Plafkin, J. L., M. T. Barbour, K. D. Porter, S. K. Gross & R. M. Hughes, 1989. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Rivers. Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. EPA/444/4-89/001, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.: 160 pp.
Rapport, D. J., 1991. Myths in the foundations of economics and ecology. Biol. J. linn. Soc. 44: 185–202.
Rapport, D., 1995. Ecosystem health: exploring the territory. Ecosyst. Health 1: 5–13.
Reynoldson, T. B., R. H. Norris, V. H. Resh, K. E. Day & D. M. Rosenberg, 1997. The reference condition: a comparison of multimetric and multivariate approaches to assess water-quality impairment using benthic macroinvertebrates. J. n. am. Benthol. Soc. 16: 833–852.
Sheehan, P. J., 1984. Effects on community and ecosystem structure and dynamics. In Sheehan, P. J., D. R. Miller, G. C. Butler & P. Boudreau (eds), Effects of Pollution at the Ecosystem Level. John Wiley and Sons, New York: 51–99.
Simpson, J. C. & R. H. Norris, 2000. Biological assessment of river quality: development of AUSRIVAS models and outputs. In Wright, J. F., D. W. Sutcliffe & M. T. Furse (eds), Assessing the Biological Quality of Fresh Waters: RIVPACS and other techniques. Freshwat. Biol. Ass. Ambleside, U.K.: 125–142.
Southerland, M. T. & J. B. Stribling, 1995. Status of biological criteria development and implementation. In Davis, W. W. & T. P. Simon (eds), Biological Assessment and Criteria: Tools for Water Resource Planning and Decision Making. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida: 81–96.
Stebbing, A. R. D. & V. Dethlefsen, 1992. Introduction to the Bremerhaven Workshop on the biological effects of contaminants. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 91: 1–8.
Suter, G. W. II, 1993. A critique of ecosystem health concepts and indexes. Envir. Toxicol. Chem. 12: 1533–1539.
Underwood, A. J., 1991. Beyond BACI: experimental designs for detecting human environmental impacts on temporal variations in natural populations. Aust. J. mar. freshwat. Res. 42: 569–587.
Vannote, R. L., G. W. Minshall, K. W. Cummins, J. R. Sedell & C. E. Cushing, 1980. The river continuum concept. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci. 37: 370–377.
Vinson, M. R. & C. P. Hawkins, 1996. Effects of sampling area and subsampling procedure on comparisons of taxa richness among streams. J. n. am. Benthol. Soc. 15: 392–399.
Washington, H. G., 1984. Diversity, biotic and similarity indices. A review with special relevance to aquatic ecosystems. Wat. Res. 18: 653–694.
Winget, R. N. & F. A. Magnum, 1979. Biotic Condition Index: Integrated Biological, Physical, and Chemical Stream Parameters for Management. U.S. Forest Service Intermountain Region, U.S. Dept of Agriculture. Ogden, Utah.
Wright, J. F., 1995. Development and use of a system for predicting macroinvertebrates in flowing waters. Aust. J. Ecol. 20: 181–197.
Wright, J. F., D. Moss, P. D. Armitage & M. T. Furse, 1984. A preliminary classification of running-water sites in Great Britain based on macroinvertebrate species and the prediction of community type using environmental data. Freshwat. Biol. 14: 221–256.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Norris, R.H., Hawkins, C.P. Monitoring river health. Hydrobiologia 435, 5–17 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004176507184
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004176507184