Skip to main content
Log in

Exotic Becomes Erotic: Interpreting the Biological Correlates of Sexual Orientation

  • Published:
Archives of Sexual Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although biological findings currently dominate the research literature on the determinants of sexual orientation, biological theorizing has not yet spelled out a developmental path by which any of the various biological correlates so far identified might lead to a particular sexual orientation. The Exotic-Becomes-Erotic (EBE) theory of sexual orientation (Bem, 1996) attempts to do just that, by suggesting how biological variables might interact with experiential and sociocultural factors to influence an individual's sexual orientation. Evidence for the theory is reviewed, and a path analysis of data from a large sample of twins is presented which yields preliminary support for the theory's claim that correlations between genetic variables and sexual orientation are mediated by childhood gender non-conformity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Bailey, J. M. (1995). Biological perspectives on sexual orientation. In D'Augelli, A. R., and Patterson, C. J. (Eds.), Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Identities over the Lifespan, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 102–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J. M., and Martin, N. G. (1995). A twin registry study of sexual orientation.Paper presented at the twenty-first annual meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research, Provincetown, MA.

  • Bailey, J. M., and Pillard, R. C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Arch.Gen.Psychiat. 48: 1089–1096.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J. M., Pillard, R. C., Neale, M. C., and Agyei, Y. (1993). Heritable factors influence sexual orientation in women. Arch.Gen.Psychiat. 50: 217–223.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J. M., and Zucker, K. J. (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Dev.Psychol. 31: 43–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, J. E., Bentler, P. M., and Thompson, S. K. (1973). Measurement of deviant gender development in boys. Child Dev. 44: 591–598.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, J. E., Bentler, P. M., and Thompson, S. K. (1979). Gender-deviant boys compared with normal and clinical controls boys. J.Abnorm.Child Psychol. 7: 243–259.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, P. P. G. (1978). Sexual imprinting and optimal outbreeding. Nature 273: 659–660.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, A. P., Weinberg, M. S., and Hammersmith, S. K. (1981a). Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, A. P., Weinberg, M. S., and Hammersmith, S. K. (1981b). Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women.Statistical Appendix, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bem, D. J. (1996). Exotic becomes erotic: A developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychol.Rev. 103: 320–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bem, D. J. (1998). Is EBE theory supported by the evidence? Is it androcentric? A reply to Peplau et al.Psychol.Rev. 105: 395–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bem, S. L. (1993). The Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berscheid, E., and Walster, E. (1974). A little bit about love. In Huston, T. (Ed.), Foundations of Interpersonal Attraction, Academic Press, New York, pp. 355–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, R., McConkey, J. G., Roper, V., and Steiner, B.W. (1983). Measuring physical aggressiveness in heterosexual, homosexual, and transsexual males. Arch.Sex.Behav. 12: 511–524.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A. H., and Plomin, R. (1975). A Temperament Theory of Personality Development, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A. H., and Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early Developing Personality Traits, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byne, W., and Parsons, B. (1993). Human sexual orientation: The biologic theories reappraised. Arch. Gen Psychiat. 50: 228–239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darlington, R. B. (1990). Regression and Linear Models, McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiPietro, J. A. (1981). Rough and tumble play: A function of gender. Dev.Psychol. 17: 50–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dub´e, E. M. (Artist). (1997). Sexual Identity and Intimacy: Development Among Two Cohorts of Gay and Bisexual Men. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, M. P., Bailey, J. M., Kirk, K. M., and Martin, N. G. (2000). The subtlety of sex-atypicality. Arch.Sex.Behav. 29: 549–565.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, W. O., and Enns, L. R. (1986). Sex differences in human motor activity level. Psychol.Bull. 100: 19–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R. C. (1995). Bisexual identities. In D'Augelli, A. R., and Patterson, C. J. (Eds.), Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Identities over the lifespan, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 48–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1905/1962). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry, D. P. (1990). Play aggression among Zapotec children: Implications for the practice hypothesis. Aggressive Behav. 17: 321–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, A. H., Plomin, R., Rothbart, M. K., Thomas, A., Chess, S., Hinde, R. A., and McCall, R. B. (1987). Roundtable: What is temperament? Four approaches. Child Dev. 58: 505–529.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, R. (1976). One-hundred ten feminine and masculine boys: Behavioral contrasts and demographic similarities. Arch.Sex.Behav. 5: 425–426.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, R. (1987). The “Sissy Boy Syndrome” and the Development of Homosexuality, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamer, D., and Copeland, P. (1994). The Science of Desire: The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior, Simon and Schuster, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N., and Pattatucci, A. M. L. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. Science 261: 321–327.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, E. H., and Petrovich, S. B. (1977). Imprinting, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoon, P. W., Wincze, J. P., and Hoon, E. F. (1977). A test of reciprocal inhibition: Are anxiety and sexual arousal in women mutually inhibitory? J.Abnorm.Psychol. 86: 65–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J. S. (1984). How large are gender differences in aggression? A developmental meta-analysis. Dev.Psychol. 20: 722–736.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, C. (1987). The Social Construction of Lesbianism, Sage, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohnstamm, G. A., Bates, J. E., and Rothbart, M. K. (1989). Temperament in Childhood, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., and Michaels, S. (1994). The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClintock, M. K., and Herdt, G. (1996). Rethinking puberty: The development of sexual attraction. Current Directions in Psychol.Sci. 5: 178–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGue, M., and Lykken, D. T. (1992). Genetic influence on risk of divorce. Psychol.Sci. 3 (6): 368–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moller, L. C., Hymel, S., and Rubin, K. H. (1992). Sex typing in play and popularity in middle childhood. Sex Roles. 26: 331–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mook, D. G. (1999). Motivation: The Organization of Animal and Human Action, Norton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D. W. (1993). Public polarized on gay issue. The Gallup Poll Monthly, 30–34.

  • Newman, B. S., and Muzzonigro, P. G. (1993). The effects of traditional family values on the coming out process of gay male adolescents. Adolescence 28: 213–226.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peplau, L. A., Garnets, L. D., Spalding, L. R., Conley, T. D., and Veniegas, R. C. (1998). A critique of Bem's “Exotic Becomes Erotic” theory of sexual orientation. Psychol.Rev. 105: 387–394.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plomin, R. (1986). Development, Genetics, and Psychology, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuters. (2000). Most in U. S. favor laws barring gay discrimination. Reuters Limited, February 8.

  • Rowe, D. C. (1997). Genetics, temperament, and personality. In Hogan, R., Johnson, J., and Briggs, S. (Eds.), Handbook of Personality Psychology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 367–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, J. P., Fulker, D. W., Neale, M. C., Nias, D. K. B., and Eysenck, H. J. (1986). Altruism and aggression: The heritability of individual differences. J.Pers.Soc.Psychol. 50: 1192–1198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savin-Williams, R. C. (1995). Lesbian, gay male, and bisexual adolescents. In D'Augelli, A. R., and Patterson C. J. (Eds.), Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities over the Lifespan, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 165–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savin-Williams, R. C. (1998). “...And then I Became Gay,” Routledge, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schachter, S., and Singer, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychol.Rev. 69: 379–399.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Telljohann, S. K., and Price, J. P. (1993). A qualitative examination of adolescent homosexuals'; life experiences: Ramifications for secondary school personnel. J.Homosexual. 26: 41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troiden, R. R. (1979). Becoming homosexual: A model of gay identity formation. Psychiatry 42: 362–373.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walster, E. (1971). Passionate love. In Murstein, B. I. (Ed.), Theories of Attraction and Love, Springer, New York, pp. 85–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whisman, V. (1996). Queer by choice, Routledge, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G. L., Fishbein, S., and Rutstein, J. (1981). Passionate love and the misattribution of arousal. J.Pers.Soc.Psychol. 41: 56–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolchik, S. A., Beggs, V. E., Wincze, J. P., Sakheim, D. K., Barlow, D. H., and Mavissakalian, M. (1980). The effect of emotional arousal on subsequent sexual arousal in men. J.Abnorm.Psychol. 89: 595–598.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, K. J. (Ed.). (1990). Gender Identity Disorders in Children: Clinical Descriptions and Natural History, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, K. J., and Bradley, S. J. (1995). Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents, Guilford Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, K. J., and Green, R. (1993). Psychological and familial aspects of gender identity disorder. Child Adolesc.Psychiat.Clinics North Am. 2: 513–542.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bem, D.J. Exotic Becomes Erotic: Interpreting the Biological Correlates of Sexual Orientation. Arch Sex Behav 29, 531–548 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002050303320

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002050303320

Navigation