Abstract
Based on the theoretical background of existing models for the crosswind-integrated footprint, a new model is presented, which, in contrast to the existing models, describes the normalized footprint by a closed analytical formula. This was made possible by using well-known power profiles for wind speed and eddy viscosity instead of Monin–Obukhov based profiles at a certain stage of model development. However, the major difference between the new model and the existing models is that the so-called shape parameter of vertical plume dispersion, a function of upwind distance in the existing models, is set constant in the new model in order to circumvent a formal inconsistency found in the derivation of the existing models. Due to this inconsistency, the existing models do not generally satisfy the fundamental condition that the cumulative normalized footprint must approach unity for the upwind distance tending towards infinity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dyer, A. J.: 1974, ‘A Review of Flux-Profile Relationships’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 7, 363-372.
Etling, D.: 1987, ‘The Planetary Boundary Layer PBL’, in Landoldt-Börnstein (ed.), New Series, Group IV, Vol. 4, Meteorology, Subvol. c, Climatology, Part 1, Springer, Berlin/New York, pp. 151-188.
Finn, D., Lamb, B., Leclerc, M. Y., and Horst, T. W.: 1996, ‘Experimental Evaluation of Analytical and Lagrangian Surface-Layer Flux Footprint Models’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 80, 283-308.
Grünhage, L. and Haenel, H.-D.: 1999, ‘Integrated Flux Observation and Simulation (INFOS)’, in P. M. Borrell and P. Borrell (eds.), Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium '98, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, March 23rd—27th, 1998, WIT Press, Southampton, in press.
Gryning, S.-E., van Ulden, A. P., and Larsen, S. E.: 1983, ‘Dispersion from a Continuous Ground-Level Source Investigated by a K Model’, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 109, 355-364.
Haenel, H.-D. and Siebers, J.: 1995, ‘Lindane Volatilization under Field Conditions: Estimation from Residue Disappearance and Concentration Measurements in Air’, Agric. For. Meteorol. 76, 237-257.
Horst, T.W.: 1997, ‘The Footprint for Estimation of Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Fluxes by Eddy-Correlation and Profile Techniques’, in Preprints of the Special Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence (Land Surface), 77th AMS Annual Meeting, 2–7 February 1997, Long Beach, CA, Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, MA, Chapter 4.2.
Horst, T.W.: 1999, ‘The Footprint for Estimation of Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Fluxes by Profile Techniques’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 90, 171-188.
Horst, T. W. and Weil, J. C.: 1992, ‘Footprint Estimation for Scalar Flux Measurements in the Atmospheric Surface Llayer’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 59, 279-296.
Horst, T. W. and Weil, J. C.: 1994, ‘How Far Is Far Enough?: The Fetch Requirements for Micrometeorological Measurements of Surface Fluxes’, J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 11, 1018-1025.
Kohsiek, W., de Bruin, H. A. R., The, H. and van den Hurk, B.: 1993, ‘Estimation of the Sensible Heat Flux of a Semi-Arid Area Using Surface Radiative Temperature Measurements’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 63, 213-230.
Monin, A. S. and Obukhov, A. M.: 1954, ‘Basic Laws of Turbulent Mixing in the Atmosphere near the Ground (Translation in Aerophysics of Air Pollution edited by J. A. Fay and D. P. Hoult, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York, pp. 90–119, 1969)’, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, Tr. Geofiz. Inst. 151(24), 163-187.
Schmid, H. P.: 1994, ‘Source Areas for Scalars and Scalar Fluxes’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 67, 293-318.
Schmid, H. P.: 1997, ‘Experimental Design for Flux Measurements: Matching Scales of Observations and Fluxes’, Agric. For. Meteorol. 87, 179-200.
Schuepp, P. H., Leclerc, M. Y., MacPherson, J. I., and Desjardins, R. L.: 1990, ‘Footprint Prediction of Scalar Fluxes from Analytical Solutions of the Diffusion Equation’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 50, 355-373.
van Ulden, A. P.: 1978, ‘Simple Estimates for Vertical Diffusion from Sources near the Ground’, Atmos. Environ. 12, 2125-2129.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Haenel, HD., Grünhage, L. Footprint Analysis: A Closed Analytical Solution Based On Height-Dependent Profiles Of Wind Speed And Eddy Viscosity. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 93, 395–409 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002023724634
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002023724634