Skip to main content
Log in

Interparental Conflict and Adolescent Depressed Mood: The Role of Family Functioning

  • Published:
Child Psychiatry and Human Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Family functioning was investigated as a mediator between interparental conflict and adolescent depressed mood among adolescents living in two-parent and divorced families. Data were collected three times, with one year intervals. At the initial interview, adolescents were, on the average, 15.5 years old. Two types of interparental conflict were assessed: interparental conflict involving arguments about the adolescent, and arguments focused on the parents' behaviors. The results confirmed that family functioning mediated the effects of parent issue/interparental conflict, but not adolescent issue/interparental conflict. This was most evident for girls than boys. Implications of the findings for research and practice are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Demo DH, Acock AC: Family structure, family process, and adolescent well-being. J Research on Adolescence 6: 457–488, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Buehler C, Anthony C, Krishakumar A, Stone G, Gerard J, Pemberton, S: Interparental conflict and youth problem behaviors: A meta-analysis. J Child and Family Studies 6: 233–247, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Fincham FD: Understanding the association between marital conflict and child adjustment: Overview. J Family Psych 8: 123–127, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Fincham FD, Grych JH, Osborne LN: Does marital conflict cause child maladjustment? Directions and challenges for longitudinal research. J Family Psych 8: 128–140, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Grych JH, Fincham FD: Marital conflict and children's adjustment. A cognitive-contextual framework. Psychological Bull 108: 267–290, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Grych JH, Seid M, Fincham FD: Assessing marital conflict from the child's perspective: The children's perception of interparental conflict scale. Child Devel 63: 556–572, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Forehand R, McCombs A: The nature of interparental conflict of married and divorced parents: implications for young adolescents. J Abnormal Psych 17: 238–249, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Crockenberg S, Forgays DK: The role of emotion in children's understanding and emotional reactions to marital conflict. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 42: 22–47, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  9. El-Sheikh M: Children's responses to adult-adult and mother-child arguments: The role of parental marital conflict and distress. J Family Psych 11: 165–175, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Harold GT, Conger RD: Marital conflict and adolescent distress: The role of adolescent awareness. Child Devel 68: 333–350, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Davies PT, Cummings EM: Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bull 116: 387–411, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cummings EM, Davies P: Children and marital conflict. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hill R, Mattessich P: Family developmental theory and life-span development. In Life-span development and behavior, eds Baltes P, Brim O. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Fauber R, Forehand R, Thomas AM, Wierson M: A mediational model of the impact of marital conflict on adolescent adjustment in intact and divorced families: The role of disrupted parenting. Child Devel 61: 1112–1123, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Forehand R, Neighbors B, Devine D, Armistead L: Interparental conflict and divorce: The individual, relative, and interactive effects on adolescents across four years. Family Relations 43: 387–393, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Blyth D, Hill J, Thiel K: Early adolescents' significant others: Grade and gender differences in perceived relationships with familial and nonfamilial adults and young people. J Youth and Adolescence 11: 425–450, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cauce AM, Felner RD, Primavera J: Social support in high-risk adolescents: Structural components and adaptive impact. Amer J Community Psych 10: 417–428, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Furman W, Buhrmester D: Children's perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Devel Psych 21: 1016–1024, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Garmezy N: Stressors of childhood. In Stress, coping and development in children, eds. Garmezy N, Rutter M. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Neighbors B, Forehand R, McVicar D: Resilient adolescents and interparental conflict. Amer J Orthopsychiatry 63: 462–471, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Robinson NS: Evaluating the nature of perceived support and its relation to perceived self-worth in adolescents. J Research on Adolescence 5: 253–280, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ruetter MA, Conger RD: Antecedents of parent-adolescent disagreements. J of Marr and the Family 57: 435–448, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Jaycox LH, Repetti RL: Conflict in families and the psychological adjustment of preadolescent children. J Family Psych 7: 344–355, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Olson DH: Family satisfaction. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Epstein NB, Bishop DS, Levin S: The McMaster model of family functioning. J of Marr and Family Counseling 4: 19–31, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Grych JH, Fincham FD: Children's appraisals of marital conflict: Initial investigations of the cognitive-contextual framework. Child Devel 64: 215–230, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Jouriles EN, Farris AM, McDonald R: Marital functioning and child behavior: Measuring specific aspects of the marital relationship. In Advances in family intervention, assessment and theory, ed. Vincent JP. Westport, CT: JAI Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Brody G, Forehand R: Interparental conflict, relationship with the noncustodial father, and adolescent post-divorce adjustment. J Applied Devel Psych 11: 139–147, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Johnston JR, Gonzalez R, Campbell LEG: Ongoing postdivorce conflict and child disturbance. J Abnormal Child Psych 15: 493–509, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kurdek L, Sinclair R: Adjustment of young adolescents in two-parent nuclear, stepfather, and mother-custody families. J Consulting and Clin Psych 56: 91–96, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Tannebaum L, Neighbors B, Forehand R: The unique contribution of four maternal stressors to adolescent functioning. J Early Adolescence 12: 314–325, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Compas BE, Ey S, Grant KE: Taxonomy, assessment, and diagnosis of depression during adolescence. Psychological Bull 114: 323–344, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Peterson AC, Compas, BE, Brooks-Gunn J, Stemmler M, Ey S, Grant KE: Depression in adolescence. Amer Psychologist 48: 155–168, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Roberts RE, Roberts CR, Chen YR: Ethnocultural differences in prevalence of adolescent depression. Amer J Community Psych 25: 95–110, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Conger RD, Chao W: Adolescent depressed mood. In Understanding differences between divorced and intact families, ed. Simons RL. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Gjerde PF, Westenberg PM: Dysphoric adolescents as young adults: A prospective study of the psychological sequelae of depressed mood in adolescence. J Research on Adolescence 8: 377–402, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Cumsille PE, Epstein N: Family cohesion, family adaptability, social support, and adolescent depressive symptoms in outpatient clinic families. J Family Psych 8: 202–214, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Gore S, Aseltine RH Jr, Colton ME: Gender, social-relational involvement, and depression. J Research on Adolescence 3: 101–125, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Avison WR, McAlpine DD: Gender differences in symptoms of depression among adolescents. J Health and Social Behavior 33: 77–96, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Gore S, Aseltine RH Jr, Colton ME: Social structure, life stress and depressive symptoms in a high school-aged population. J Health and Social Behavior 33: 97–113, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Emery RE: Family conflicts and their developmental implications: A conceptual analysis of meanings for the structure of relationships. In Conflict in child and adolescent development, eds. Shantz CU, Hartup WW. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kleinman S, Handal PJ, Enos D, Searight JR, Ross MJ: Relationships between perceived family climate and adolescent adjustment. J Clin Child Psych 18: 351–359, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Moos R, Fuhr R: The clinical use of social-environmental concepts: The case of an adolescent girl. Amer J Orthopsychiatry 52: 111–122, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Epstein NB, Baldwin LM, Bishop DS: The McMaster Family Assessment Device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 9: 171–180, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Epstein NB, Bishop DS, Levin S: The McMaster model of family functioning. J Marr and Family Counseling 4: 19–31, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Byles J, Byrne C, Boyle MH, Offord DR: Ontario Child Health Study: Reliability and validity of the General Functioning Subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device. Family Processes 27: 97–104, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Kabacoff RI, Miller IS, Bishop DS, Epstein NB, Keitner GI: A psychometric study of the McMaster Family Assessment Device in psychiatric, medical, and nonclinical samples. J Family Psych 3: 431–439, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hayden LC, Schiller M, Dickstein S, Seifer S, Sameroff AJ, Miller I, Keitern G, Rasmussen S: Levels of family assessment: I. Family, marital, and parent-child interaction. J Family Psych 12: 7–22, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Procidano ME, Heller K: Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. Amer J Community Psych 11: 1–24, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Radloff LS: A CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1: 385–401, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Radloff LS: The use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. J Youth and Adolescence 20: 149–166, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Roberts RE, Andrews JA, Lewinsohn P, Hops H: Assessment of depression in adolescents using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Psychological Assessment: A J Consulting and Clin Psych 2: 122–128, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Schoenbach VJ, Kaplan BH, Wagner EH, Grimson R, Miller F: Prevalence of selfreported depressive symptoms in young adolescents. Amer J Public Health 73: 1281–1287, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Bentler PM: EQS structural equations program manual. Los Angeles, CA: BMDP Statistical Software, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Shaw DS, Emery RE: Chronic family adversity and school-age children's adjustment. J Amer Acad of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27: 200–206, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Oltmanns TF, Broderick JE, O'Leary KD: Marital adjustment and the efficacy of behavior therapy with children. J Consulting and Clin Psych 45: 724–729, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Violato C: Structural equation modeling: A nontechnical approach. Workshop presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association. Washington, D. C., 1995, August.

  58. Holmbeck GN: Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. J Consulting and Clin Psych 65: 599–610, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Buchanan DM, Maccoby EE, Dornbusch SM:Caught between parents: Adolescents' experience in divorced homes. Child Devel 62: 1008–1029, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Wallerstein JS, Blakeslee S: Second chances: Men, women, and children a decade after divorce. New York, NY: Ticknor & Fields, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Bush DM, Simmons R: Gender and coping with the entry into early adolescence. In Gender and stress, eds. R. C. Barnett RC, Biener L, Baruch GK. New York, NY: Free Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Davies PT, Windle M: Gender-specific pathways between maternal depressive symptoms, family discord, and adolescent adjustment. Devel Psych 33: 657–668, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Laursen B: Conflict and social interaction in adolescent relationships. J Research on Adolescence 5: 55–70, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Jacobson KC, Rowe, DC: Genetic and environmental influences on the relationships between family connectedness, school connectedness, and adolescent depressed mood: Sex differences. Devel Psych 35: 926–939.

  65. Snyder JR: Marital conflict and child adjustment: what about gender? Devel Review 18: 390–420, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Turner CM, Barrett PM: Adolescent adjustment to perceived marital conflict. J of Child Fam Studies 7: 499–513.

  67. Gecas V, Schwalbe ML: Parental behavior and adolescent self-esteem. J of Marr Family 48: 37–46.

  68. Lorenz FO, Conger RD, Simon RL, Whitbeck LB, Elder GH Jr: Economic pressure and marital quality: An illustration of the method variance problem in the causal modeling of family process. J Marr and the Family 53: 375–388, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Watson D, Pennebaker JW: Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review 96: 234–254, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Davies PT, Cummings EM: Exploring children's emotional security as a mediator of the link between marital relations and child adjustment. Child Devel 69: 124–139, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Emery RE, Fincham FD, Cummings EM: Parenting in context: systemic thinking about parental conflict and its influence on children. J Consulting and Clin Psych 60: 909–912, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Unger, D.G., Brown, M.B., Tressell, P.A. et al. Interparental Conflict and Adolescent Depressed Mood: The Role of Family Functioning. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 31, 23–41 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001922004459

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001922004459

Navigation