Abstract
This essay discusses the ways in which `Mode 1' and `Mode 2' interact, by reviewing the development of research funding in Sweden during the twentieth century. It argues that `Mode 2' has been the traditional mode of practice. `Mode 1' is a post-war phenomenon, but it is presently the dominant layer of Swedish publicly-funded science and science policy. This essay argues that we are seeing not an increase in uncertainty, but rather a decreasing tolerance of uncertainty.
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Edqvist, O. Layered Science and Science Policies. Minerva 41, 207–221 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025509629159
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025509629159