Abstract
Several anions such as Cl−, NO− 2, SO2− 4, and PO3− 4 are known to modulate the photosynthetic activity. Moreover, the chloroplast metabolism requires the exchange of both inorganic and organic (e.g., triose phosphate, dicarboxylic acid, ATP) anions between the cytoplasmand the stroma. A chloride channel form the chloroplast envelope was reconstituted in planar lipid bilayers. We show that the channel is active in conditions prevailing in the plant. The open probability increases with the ionic strength of the experimental solutions and is maximal at 0 mV. This suggests that the channel could play a role in the osmotic regulation of the chloroplast. Amino group reagents affect the channel activity in a way that demonstrated that lysine residues are important for channel gating but not for ATP binding. Together, our results provide new information on the functioning of this channel in the chloroplast envelope membranes. They indicate that the open probability of the channel is low (P o ≤ 0.2) in vivo and that this channel can account for the chloride flux through the chloroplast envelope.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Berkowitz, G. A., and Gibbs, M. (1983a). Plant Physiol. 71, 911.
Berkowitz, G. A., and Gibbs, M. (1983b). Plant Physiol. 72, 1109.
Bligny, R., Gardestrom, P., Roby, C., and Douce, R. (1990). J. Biol. Chem. 265, 1319–1326.
Bolter, B., Soll, J., Hill, K., Hemmler, R., and Wagner, R. (1999). EMBO J. 18, 5505–5516.
Demmig, B., and Gimmler, H. (1983). Plant Physiol. 73, 169–174.
Douce, R., and Joyard, J. (1982). In Methods in Chloroplast Molecular Biology (Edelman, M., Hallick, R., and Chua, N. H., eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 239–256.
Flügge, U. I. (1999). Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50, 27–45.
Flügge, U. I., and Benz, R. (1984). FEBS Lett. 169, 85–89.
Flügge, U. I., and Heldt, H. W. (1991). Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42, 129–144.
Fuks, B., and Homblé, F. (1995). J. Biol. Chem. 270, 9947–9952.
Fuks, B., and Homblé, F. (1999). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1416, 361–369.
Heiber, T., Steinkamp, T., Hinnah, S., Schwarz, M., Flügge, U. I., Weber, A., and Wagner, R. (1995). Biochemistry 34, 15906–15917.
Hind, G., Nakatani, H. Y., and Izawa, S. (1974). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 1484–1488.
Hinnah, S. C., Hill, K., Wagner, R., Schlicher, T., and Soll, J. (1997). EMBO J. 16, 7351–7360.
Hope, A., and Walker, M. (1975). The Physiology of Giant Algal Cells, Cambridge University Press, London, UK.
Kaiser, W., Stepper, W., and Urbach, W. (1981). Planta 151, 375–380.
Lundblad, R. (1991). Chemical Reagents for Protein Modification, CRC Press, London, UK.
Nobel, P. (1969). Plant Physiol. 172, 134–143.
Pohlmeyer, K., Soll, J., Grimm, R., Hill, K., and Wagner, R. (1998). Plant Cell 10, 1207–1216.
Pohlmeyer, K., Soll, J., Steinkamp, T., Hinnah, S., and Wagner, R. (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 9504–9509.
Pottosin, I. I. (1992). FEBS Lett. 308, 87–90.
Pottosin, I. I. (1993). FEBS Lett. 330, 211–214.
Schonknecht, G., Thaler, M., and Simonis, W. (1992). In Research in Photosynthesis (Murata, N., ed.), Kluwer, The Netherlands, pp. 777–780.
Schwarz, M., Gross, A., Steinkamp, T., Flugge, U. I., and Wagner, R. (1994). J. Biol. Chem. 269, 29481–29489.
Seigneurin-Bemy, D., Rolland, N., Garin, J., and Joyard, J. (1999). Plant J. 19, 217–228.
Stitt, M., Wirtz, W., and Heldt, H. W. (1980). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 593, 85–102.
Teraza, W., Mitchell, V., Driscoll, S., and Lawlor, D. (1999). Nature 401, 914–917.
van den Wijngaard, P. W., Dabney-Smith, C., Bruce, B. D., and Vredenberg, W. J. (1999). Biophys. J. 77, 3156–3162.
van den Wijngaard, P. W., and Vredenberg, W. J. (1997). J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29430–29433.
van den Wijngaard, P. W., and Vredenberg, W. J. (1999). J. Biol. Chem. 274, 25201-25204.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vlérick, A., Rolland, N., Joyard, J. et al. Regulation of the Anion Channel of the Chloroplast Envelope from Spinach. J Bioenerg Biomembr 35, 221–229 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024607630952
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024607630952