Abstract
We compared forest gardens, or tembawang, in twoareas in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, to patches of primary forest in terms ofsuccessional stage, mode of dispersal and characteristics of human use ofnon-planted tree species. This information was acquired for 144 tree speciesinventoried in six tembawang forest gardens and two intactnatural forest patches, through interviews at the site and a survey of theliterature. In particular older tembawang were found tohave practically the same proportions of species of different successionalstages and modes of dispersal as natural forests, thus emphasising the potentialof tembawang in conserving tree species. Non-planted treespecies of tembawang and natural forests also havepractically indistinguishable spectra of human uses, indicating that themanagement of these tembawang does not significantlydiscriminate between species with certain uses. However, we also identified twoaspects that should be taken into account in considering the conservation roleof tembawang. The floras of the two study areas showedsignificant regional differentiation, implying that efficient conservation inWest Kalimantan needs to have a rather dense network. We also found that latesuccessional species and animal-dispersed species oftembawang were more commonly geographically widespread thanspecies of the same ecological characteristics found in natural forests. Thus,even if tembawang are similar to natural forests in termsof numbers of species with different ecological characteristics, the compositionof non-planted tree species in tembawang is not a randomsample from natural forest, but overrepresents species that are easily dispersedand/or established.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
Anonymous 1996. Rencana Pengelolaan lingkungan (RKL) pengbangunan hutan tanaman industri pulp PT Finnantara Intiga di Kabupaten Dati II Sanggau dan Kabupaten Dati II Sintang propinsi Dati I Kalimantan Barat. PT Finnantara Intiga, Jakarta (in Indonesian).
PT Finnantara Intiga 1997. Inventarisasi jenis vegetasi berkayu pada lahan bekas perladangan di daerah Jeropet, kabupaten Sanggau. Laporan I. Studi Pengenbangan jenis local sebagai tanaman alternatif HTI PT. Finnantara Intiga wilayah Sanggau. Laporan penelitian. PT Finnantara Intiga, Pontianak (with an abstract in English).
de Jong W. 1993. Wise use of forest resources in Kalimantan: a potential for development. Tropenbos Newsletter Number 5 November.
de Jong W. 1994. Recreating the forest: successful examples of ethno conservation among land-dayaks in central West Kalimantan. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Management of Tropical Forests in Southeast Asia. Oslo, 23–26 March 1994. Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
de Jong W. 1997. Developing swidden agriculture and the threat of biodiversity loss. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 62: 187–197.
de Jong W. 2001. The Impact of Rubber on the Forest Landscape in Borneo. In: Angelsen A. and Kaimowitz D. (eds), Agricultural Technologies and Tropical Deforestation. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp. 367–381.
de Jong W., van Noordwijk M.S., Liswanti N. and Suyanto 2001. Farming secondary forests in Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 13: 705–726.
FAO 2000. Forest Resources Assessment. Published on the Internet: http://www.fao.org/forestry/fo/ fra/index.jsp (accessed August 2001).
FAO 2001. State of theWorld's Forests 2001. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Gönner C. 2000. Resource Management in a Dayak Benuaq Village: Strategies, Dynamics and Prospects. A Case Study from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Tropenökologisches Begleitprogramm (TöB), Eschborn, Germany.
King V.T. 1993. The Peoples of Borneo. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
Lawrence D.C., Leighton M. and Peart D.R. 1995. Availability and extraction of forest products in managed and primary forests around a Dayak Village in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Conservation Biology 9: 76–88.
Lawrence D. and Mogea J. 1996. A preliminary analysis of tree diversity in the landscape under shifting cultivation north of Gunung Palung national park. Tropical Biodiversity 3: 297–319.
Legendre P. and Legendre P. 1998. Numerical Ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Lemmens R.H.M., Soerianegara I. and Wong W.C. (eds) 1995. Timber Trees: Minor Commercial Timbers. Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Bogor, Indonesia.
MacKinnon K., Hatta G., Halim H. and Mangalik A. 1996. The Ecology of Kalimantan. Indonesian Borneo The Ecology of Indonesia Series Vol. 3. Periplus Editions, Singapore.
Michon G. and de Foresta H. 1995. The Indonesian agro-forest model. Forest resource management and biodiversity conservation. In: Halladay P. and Gilmour D.A. (eds), Conserving Biodiversity Outside Protected Areas. The Role of Traditional Agro-Ecosystems. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 90–106.
Momberg F. and Werner S. 1992. Agroforestry systems in West-Kalimantan. GTZ Report. Social Forestry Development Project, Berlin, Germany.
Ng F.S.P. (ed.) 1978. Tree Flora of Malaya. A Manual for Foresters.Vol. 3. Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia. Longman Malaysia Sdn. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Ng F.S.P. (ed.) 1989. Tree Flora of Malaya. A Manual for Foresters. Vol. 4. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia. Longman Malaysia Sdn. Berhad, Selangor Darun Ehsan, Malaysia.
Padoch C. and Peters C. 1993. Managed forest gardens in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Potter C.S., Cohen J.I. and Janczewski D. (eds), Perspectives on Biodiversity: Case Studies of Genetic Resource Conservation and Development. AAAS, Washington, DC, pp. 167–176.
Padoch C. and Peluso N.L. 1996. Borneo people and forests in transition: an introduction. In: Padoch C. and Peluso N.L. (eds), Borneo in Transition: People, Forests, Conservation and Development. Oxford University Press, Singapore, pp. 1–9.
Peluso N.L. and Padoch C. 1996. Changing resource rights in managed forests of West Kalimantan. In: Padoch C. and Peluso N.L. (eds), Borneo in Transition: People, Forests, Conservation and Development. Oxford University Press, Singapore, pp. 121–136.
Potess F. 1996. Integrated HTI-system Community Development Programme. Operational Guidelines. PT Finnantara Intiga HTI-pulp plantation Sanggau-Sintang, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Quat N.X. 1995. Home-garden systems in Vietnam. In: Halladay P. and Gilmour D.A. (eds), Conserving Biodiversity Outside Protected Areas. The Role of Traditional Agro-ecosystems. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 153–163.
Ruokolainen K., Tuomisto H. and Vormisto J. 2002. Potential effects of two biases on estimating Amazonian plant distributions. Journal of Tropical Ecology (in press).
Salafsky N. 1994. Forest gardens in the Gunung Palung region ofWest Kalimantan, Indonesia. Defining a locally developed, market-oriented agroforestry system. Agroforestry Systems 28: 237–268.
Soepadmo E. and Wong K.M. (eds) 1995. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Vol. 1. Forest Research Institute, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Soepadmo E., Wong K.M. and Saw L.G. (eds) 1996. Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Vol. 2. Forest Research Institute, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Soerianegara I. and Lemmens R.H.M.J. (eds) 1994. Timber Trees: Major Commercial Timbers. Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Bogor, Indonesia.
Soil Survey Staff 1992. Keys to soil taxonomy. SMSS Technical Monograph no. 19. 5th edn. Pocahontas Press, Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia.
Sosef M.S., Hong L.T. and Prawirohatmodjo S. (eds) 1998. Timber Trees: Lesser Known Timbers. Pudoc, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
The Plant Names Project 1999. International Plant Names Index. Published on the Internet: http: //www.ipni.org [accessed August 2001].
Tilman D. 1990. Constraints and tradeoffs: toward a predictive theory of competition and succession. Oikos 58: 3–15.
van Noordwijk M., Tomich T.P., de Foresta H. and Michon G. 1997. To segragate – or to integrate? The question of balance between production and biodiversity conservation in complex agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Today 9: 6–9.
Werner S. 1993. Traditional land use systems of Dayaks in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Ecological balance or resource destruction. A study of vegetation dynamics and soil development, Diplomarbeit, Geographisches Institut, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany.
Whitmore T.C. (ed.) 1983a. Tree Flora of Malaya. A Manual for Foresters. Vol.1, 2nd ed. Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Malaysia. Longman Malaysia Sdn. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Whitmore T.C. (ed.) 1983b. Tree Flora of Malaya. A Manual for Foresters. Vol. 2, 2nd ed. Forest Department, Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia. Longman Malaysia Sdn. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Whitmore T.C. 1984. Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East. 2nd edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
Wickramasinghe A. 1995. The evolution of Kandyan home-gardens. An indigenous strategy for conservation of biodiversity in Sri Lanka. In: Halladay P. and Gilmour D.A. (eds), Conserving Biodiversity Outside Protected Areas. The Role of Traditional Agro-ecosystems. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 164–182.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marjokorpi, A., Ruokolainen, K. The role of traditional forest gardens in the conservation of tree species in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversity and Conservation 12, 799–822 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022487631270
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022487631270
- Agroforest
- Seed dispersal
- Southeast Asia
- Succession
- Tembawang
- Tropical lowland forest